journal article·2024-06-17Open access

Biomedical applications of graphene-based nanomaterials: recent progress, challenges, and prospects in highly sensitive biosensors

Arabinda Baruah, Rachita Newar, Saikat Das, Nitul Kalita, Masood Nath, Priya Ghosh, Sampath Chinnam, Hemen Sarma, Mahesh Narayan

Discover Nano· Volume 19· Issue 1

Abstract

Abstract Graphene-based nanomaterials (graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, graphene-based nanocomposites, etc.) are emerging as an extremely important class of nanomaterials primarily because of their unique and advantageous physical, chemical, biological, and optoelectronic aspects. These features have resulted in uses across diverse areas of scientific research. Among all other applications, they are found to be particularly useful in designing highly sensitive biosensors. Numerous studies have established their efficacy in sensing pathogens and other biomolecules allowing for the rapid diagnosis of various diseases. Considering the growing importance and popularity of graphene-based materials for biosensing applications, this review aims to provide the readers with a summary of the recent progress in the concerned domain and highlights the challenges associated with the synthesis and application of these multifunctional materials.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications · Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications · Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Kumar S, Surendar T, Kumar B, Baruah A, Shanker V. Synthesis of highly efficient and recyclable visible-light responsive mesoporous g-C3N4 photocatalyst via facile template-free sonochemical route. RSC Adv. 2014;4(16):8132–7. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA43942A.10.1039/C3RA43942A ↗
2. Baruah A, Kumar S, Vaidya S, Ganguli AK. Efficient entrapment of dye in hollow silica nanoparticles: direct evidence using fluorescence spectroscopy. J Fluoresc. 2013;23(6):1287–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-013-1262-2.10.1007/s10895-013-1262-2 ↗
3. Kumar S, Baruah A, Tonda S, Kumar B, Shanker V, Sreedhar B. Cost-effective and eco-friendly synthesis of novel and stable N-doped ZnO/g-C3N4 core–shell nanoplates with excellent visible-light responsive photocatalysis. Nanoscale. 2014;6(9):4830–42. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR05271K.10.1039/C3NR05271K ↗
4. Kumar S, Surendar T, Baruah A, Shanker V. Synthesis of a novel and stable g-C3N4–Ag3PO4 hybrid nanocomposite photocatalyst and study of the photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. J Mater Chem A. 2013;1(17):5333–40. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA00186E.10.1039/C3TA00186E ↗
5. Kumar S, Tonda S, Baruah A, Kumar B, Shanker V. Synthesis of novel and stable g-C3N4/N-doped SrTiO3 hybrid nanocomposites with improved photocurrent and photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Dalton Trans. 2014;43(42):16105–14. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT01076K.10.1039/C4DT01076K ↗
6. Baruah A, Chaudhary V, Malik R, Tomer VK. 17-Nanotechnology based solutions for wastewater treatment. In: Ahsan A, Ismail AF, editors. Nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment. Elsevier; 2019. p. 337–68.10.1016/B978-0-12-813902-8.00017-4 ↗
7. Volpatti LR, Yetisen AK. Commercialization of microfluidic devices. Trends Biotechnol. 2014;32(7):347–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.04.010.10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.04.010 ↗
8. Baruah A, Sarmah N, Kumar S, Ghosh P, Malik R, Tomer VK. Chapter 5-solar energy harvesting with carbon nitrides. In: Chowdhury S, Naushad M, editors. Nanostructured carbon nitrides for sustainable energy and environmental applications. Elsevier; 2022. p. 81–107.10.1016/B978-0-12-823961-2.00003-3 ↗
9. Coroş M, Pogăcean F, Măgeruşan L, Socaci C, Pruneanu S. A brief overview on synthesis and applications of graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials. Front Mater Sci. 2019;13(1):23–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-019-0452-5.10.1007/s11706-019-0452-5 ↗
10. Piper JR, Fan S. Total absorption in a graphene monolayer in the optical regime by critical coupling with a photonic crystal guided resonance. ACS Photonics. 2014;1(4):347–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/ph400090p.10.1021/ph400090p ↗
11. Li J, Zeng H, Zeng Z, Zeng Y, Xie T. Promising graphene-based nanomaterials and their biomedical applications and potential risks: a comprehensive review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7(12):5363–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00875.10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00875 ↗
12. Orsu P, Koyyada A. Recent progresses and challenges in graphene based nano materials for advanced therapeutical applications: a comprehensive review. Mater Today Commun. 2020;22:100823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100823.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100823 ↗
13. Kuila T, Bose S, Khanra P, Mishra AK, Kim NH, Lee JH. Recent advances in graphene-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 2011;26(12):4637–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.039.10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.039 ↗
14. Bellan LM, Wu D, Langer RS. Current trends in nanobiosensor technology. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2011;3(3):229–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.136.10.1002/wnan.136 ↗
15. Goldoni R, Farronato M, Connelly ST, Tartaglia GM, Yeo W-H. Recent advances in graphene-based nanobiosensors for salivary biomarker detection. Biosens Bioelectron. 2021;171:112723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112723.10.1016/j.bios.2020.112723 ↗
16. Zhao H, Ding R, Zhao X, Li Y, Qu L, Pei H, et al. Graphene-based nanomaterials for drug and/or gene delivery, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. Drug Discov Today. 2017;22(9):1302–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.002.10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.002 ↗
17. Goenka S, Sant V, Sant S. Graphene-based nanomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. J Control Release. 2014;173:75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.017.10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.017 ↗
18. Chen D, Feng H, Li J. Graphene oxide: preparation, functionalization, and electrochemical applications. Chem Rev. 2012;112(11):6027–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300115g.10.1021/cr300115g ↗
19. Eda G, Chhowalla M. Chemically derived graphene oxide: towards large-area thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. Adv Mater. 2010;22(22):2392–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903689.10.1002/adma.200903689 ↗
20. Li X, Zhang G, Bai X, Sun X, Wang X, Wang E, et al. Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir-Blodgett films. Nat Nanotechnol. 2008;3(9):538–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.210.10.1038/nnano.2008.210 ↗
21. Paredes JI, Villar-Rodil S, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón JMD. Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. Langmuir. 2008;24(19):10560–4. https://doi.org/10.1021/la801744a.10.1021/la801744a ↗
22. Xu C, Shi X, Ji A, Shi L, Zhou C, Cui Y. Fabrication and characteristics of reduced graphene oxide produced with different green reductants. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(12): e0144842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144842.10.1371/journal.pone.0144842 ↗
23. Chua CK, Pumera M. The reduction of graphene oxide with hydrazine: elucidating its reductive capability based on a reaction-model approach. Chem Commun. 2016;52(1):72–5. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC08170J.10.1039/C5CC08170J ↗
24. Shin H-J, Kim KK, Benayad A, Yoon S-M, Park HK, Jung I-S, et al. Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance. Adv Funct Mater. 2009;19(12):1987–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200900167.10.1002/adfm.200900167 ↗
25. Abdolhosseinzadeh S, Asgharzadeh H, Seop Kim H. Fast and fully-scalable synthesis of reduced graphene oxide. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):10160. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10160.10.1038/srep10160 ↗
26. Wang G, Yang J, Park J, Gou X, Wang B, Liu H, et al. Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets. J Phys Chem C. 2008;112(22):8192–5. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp710931h.10.1021/jp710931h ↗
27. Liu W, Speranza G. Tuning the oxygen content of reduced graphene oxide and effects on its properties. ACS Omega. 2021;6(9):6195–205. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05578.10.1021/acsomega.0c05578 ↗
28. Jin L, Wu D, Kuddannaya S, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Fabrication, characterization, and biocompatibility of polymer cored reduced graphene oxide nanofibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(8):5170–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00243.10.1021/acsami.6b00243 ↗
29. Zhang Y, Shen J, Li H, Wang L, Cao D, Feng X, et al. Recent progress on graphene-based electrochemical biosensors. Chem Rec. 2016;16(1):273–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201500236.10.1002/tcr.201500236 ↗
30. Zu S-Z, Han B-H. Aqueous dispersion of graphene sheets stabilized by pluronic copolymers: formation of supramolecular hydrogel. J Phys Chem C. 2009;113(31):13651–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9035887.10.1021/jp9035887 ↗
31. Hao R, Qian W, Zhang L, Hou Y. Aqueous dispersions of TCNQ-anion-stabilized graphene sheets. Chem Commun. 2008;48:6576–8. https://doi.org/10.1039/B816971C.10.1039/B816971C ↗
32. Tang L, Ji R, Cao X, Lin J, Jiang H, Li X, et al. Deep ultraviolet photoluminescence of water-soluble self-passivated graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano. 2012;6(6):5102–10. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn300760g.10.1021/nn300760g ↗
33. Liu R, Wu D, Feng X, Müllen K. Bottom-up fabrication of photoluminescent graphene quantum dots with uniform morphology. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133(39):15221–3. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja204953k.10.1021/ja204953k ↗
34. Schnez S, Molitor F, Stampfer C, Güttinger J, Shorubalko I, Ihn T, et al. Observation of excited states in a graphene quantum dot. Appl Phys Lett. 2009;94(1): 012107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3064128.10.1063/1.3064128 ↗
35. Qu D, Zheng M, Zhang L, Zhao H, Xie Z, Jing X, et al. Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent N-doped graphene quantum dots. Sci Rep. 2014;4(1):5294. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05294.10.1038/srep05294 ↗
36. Favaro M, Ferrighi L, Fazio G, Colazzo L, Di Valentin C, Durante C, et al. Single and multiple doping in graphene quantum dots: unraveling the origin of selectivity in the oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Catal. 2015;5(1):129–44. https://doi.org/10.1021/cs501211h.10.1021/cs501211h ↗
37. Peng J, Gao W, Gupta BK, Liu Z, Romero-Aburto R, Ge L, et al. Graphene quantum dots derived from carbon fibers. Nano Lett. 2012;12(2):844–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl2038979.10.1021/nl2038979 ↗
38. Lu J, Yeo PSE, Gan CK, Wu P, Loh KP. Transforming C60 molecules into graphene quantum dots. Nat Nanotechnol. 2011;6(4):247–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.30.10.1038/nnano.2011.30 ↗
39. Yan X, Cui X, Li L-S. Synthesis of large, stable colloidal graphene quantum dots with tunable size. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132(17):5944–5. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1009376.10.1021/ja1009376 ↗
40. Wang L, Wang Y, Xu T, Liao H, Yao C, Liu Y, et al. Gram-scale synthesis of single-crystalline graphene quantum dots with superior optical properties. Nat Commun. 2014;5(1):5357. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6357.10.1038/ncomms6357 ↗
41. Li L, Wu G, Yang G, Peng J, Zhao J, Zhu J-J. Focusing on luminescent graphene quantum dots: current status and future perspectives. Nanoscale. 2013;5(10):4015–39. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR33849E.10.1039/C3NR33849E ↗
42. Buzaglo M, Shtein M, Regev O. Graphene quantum dots produced by microfluidization. Chem Mater. 2016;28(1):21–4. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03301.10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03301 ↗
43. Yang S-T, Cao L, Luo PG, Lu F, Wang X, Wang H, et al. Carbon dots for optical imaging in vivo. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131(32):11308–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja904843x.10.1021/ja904843x ↗
44. Baker SN, Baker GA. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2010;49(38):6726–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906623.10.1002/anie.200906623 ↗
45. Ran X, Sun H, Pu F, Ren J, Qu X. Ag Nanoparticle-decorated graphene quantum dots for label-free, rapid and sensitive detection of Ag+ and biothiols. Chem Commun. 2013;49(11):1079–81. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC38403E.10.1039/C2CC38403E ↗
46. Sun H, Ji H, Ju E, Guan Y, Ren J, Qu X. Synthesis of fluorinated and nonfluorinated graphene quantum dots through a new top-down strategy for long-time cellular imaging. Chem Eur J. 2015;21(9):3791–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201406345.10.1002/chem.201406345 ↗
47. Ge J, Jia Q, Liu W, Guo L, Liu Q, Lan M, et al. Red-emissive carbon dots for fluorescent, photoacoustic, and thermal theranostics in living mice. Adv Mater. 2015;27(28):4169–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500323.10.1002/adma.201500323 ↗
48. Ge J, Lan M, Zhou B, Liu W, Guo L, Wang H, et al. A graphene quantum dot photodynamic therapy agent with high singlet oxygen generation. Nat Commun. 2014;5(1):4596. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5596.10.1038/ncomms5596 ↗
49. Park S, An J, Jung I, Piner RD, An SJ, Li X, et al. Colloidal Suspensions of Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide in a Wide Variety of Organic Solvents. Nano Lett. 2009;9(4):1593–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl803798y.10.1021/nl803798y ↗
50. Si Y, Samulski ET. Synthesis of water soluble graphene. Nano Lett. 2008;8(6):1679–82. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl080604h.10.1021/nl080604h ↗
51. Liu L-H, Yan M. Functionalization of pristine graphene with perfluorophenyl azides. J Mater Chem. 2011;21(10):3273–6. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM02765K.10.1039/C0JM02765K ↗
52. Pham TA, Kumar NA, Jeong YT. Covalent functionalization of graphene oxide with polyglycerol and their use as templates for anchoring magnetic nanoparticles. Synth Met. 2010;160(17):2028–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.07.034.10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.07.034 ↗
53. Choi E-Y, Han TH, Hong J, Kim JE, Lee SH, Kim HW, et al. Noncovalent functionalization of graphene with end-functional polymers. J Mater Chem. 2010;20(10):1907–12. https://doi.org/10.1039/B919074K.10.1039/B919074K ↗
54. Englert JM, Röhrl J, Schmidt CD, Graupner R, Hundhausen M, Hauke F, et al. Soluble graphene: generation of aqueous graphene solutions aided by a perylenebisimide-based bolaamphiphile. Adv Mater. 2009;21(42):4265–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200901578.10.1002/adma.200901578 ↗
55. Wang H, Hao Q, Yang X, Lu L, Wang X. Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of its composite with polyaniline. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2010;2(3):821–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/am900815k.10.1021/am900815k ↗
56. Kim I-H, Jeong YG. Polylactide/exfoliated graphite nanocomposites with enhanced thermal stability, mechanical modulus, and electrical conductivity. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 2010;48(8):850–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.21956.10.1002/polb.21956 ↗
57. Wu Q, Xu Y, Yao Z, Liu A, Shi G. Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films. ACS Nano. 2010;4(4):1963–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1000035.10.1021/nn1000035 ↗
58. Guo S, Wen D, Zhai Y, Dong S, Wang E. Platinum nanoparticle ensemble-on-graphene hybrid nanosheet: one-pot, rapid synthesis, and used as new electrode material for electrochemical sensing. ACS Nano. 2010;4(7):3959–68. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn100852h.10.1021/nn100852h ↗
59. Goncalves G, Marques PAAP, Granadeiro CM, Nogueira HIS, Singh MK, Grácio J. Surface modification of graphene nanosheets with gold nanoparticles: the role of oxygen moieties at graphene surface on gold nucleation and growth. Chem Mater. 2009;21(20):4796–802. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm901052s.10.1021/cm901052s ↗
60. Scheuermann GM, Rumi L, Steurer P, Bannwarth W, Mülhaupt R. Palladium nanoparticles on graphite oxide and its functionalized graphene derivatives as highly active catalysts for the Suzuki−Miyaura coupling reaction. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131(23):8262–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja901105a.10.1021/ja901105a ↗
61. Zhou H, Qiu C, Liu Z, Yang H, Hu L, Liu J, et al. Thickness-dependent morphologies of gold on N-layer graphenes. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132(3):944–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja909228n.10.1021/ja909228n ↗
62. Lightcap IV, Kosel TH, Kamat PV. Anchoring semiconductor and metal nanoparticles on a two-dimensional catalyst mat. Storing and shuttling electrons with reduced graphene oxide. Nano Lett. 2010;10(2):577–83. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl9035109.10.1021/nl9035109 ↗
63. Hassan HMA, Abdelsayed V, Khder AERS, AbouZeid KM, Terner J, El-Shall MS, et al. Microwave synthesis of graphene sheets supporting metal nanocrystals in aqueous and organic media. J Mater Chem. 2009;19(23):3832–7. https://doi.org/10.1039/B906253J.10.1039/B906253J ↗
64. Kim Y-K, Na H-K, Min D-H. Influence of surface functionalization on the growth of gold nanostructures on graphene thin films. Langmuir. 2010;26(16):13065–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/la102372z.10.1021/la102372z ↗
65. Zhou X, Huang X, Qi X, Wu S, Xue C, Boey FYC, et al. in situ synthesis of metal nanoparticles on single-layer graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide surfaces. J Phys Chem C. 2009;113(25):10842–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp903821n.10.1021/jp903821n ↗
66. Muszynski R, Seger B, Kamat PV. Decorating graphene sheets with gold nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C. 2008;112(14):5263–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp800977b.10.1021/jp800977b ↗
67. Li B, Zhang X, Li X, Wang L, Han R, Liu B, et al. Photo-assisted preparation and patterning of large-area reduced graphene oxide–TiO2 conductive thin film. Chem Commun. 2010;46(20):3499–501. https://doi.org/10.1039/C002200D.10.1039/C002200D ↗
68. Wu S, Yin Z, He Q, Huang X, Zhou X, Zhang H. Electrochemical deposition of semiconductor oxides on reduced graphene oxide-based flexible, transparent, and conductive electrodes. J Phys Chem C. 2010;114(27):11816–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp103696u.10.1021/jp103696u ↗
69. Li Y, Lv X, Lu J, Li J. Preparation of SnO2-nanocrystal/graphene-nanosheets composites and their lithium storage ability. J Phys Chem C. 2010;114(49):21770–4. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1050047.10.1021/jp1050047 ↗
70. Chen S, Zhu J, Wu X, Han Q, Wang X. Graphene oxide−MnO2 nanocomposites for supercapacitors. ACS Nano. 2010;4(5):2822–30. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn901311t.10.1021/nn901311t ↗
71. Yang S, Feng X, Ivanovici S, Müllen K. Fabrication of graphene-encapsulated oxide nanoparticles: towards high-performance anode materials for lithium storage. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2010;49(45):8408–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201003485.10.1002/anie.201003485 ↗
72. Shen J, Hu Y, Shi M, Li N, Ma H, Ye M. One step synthesis of graphene oxide−magnetic nanoparticle composite. J Phys Chem C. 2010;114(3):1498–503. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp909756r.10.1021/jp909756r ↗
73. Son JY, Shin Y-H, Kim H, Jang HM. NiO resistive random access memory nanocapacitor array on graphene. ACS Nano. 2010;4(5):2655–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn100234x.10.1021/nn100234x ↗
74. Wu S, Yin Z, He Q, Lu G, Zhou X, Zhang H. Electrochemical deposition of Cl-doped n-type Cu2O on reduced graphene oxide electrodes. J Mater Chem. 2011;21(10):3467–70. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM02267E.10.1039/C0JM02267E ↗
75. Wu Z-S, Wang D-W, Ren W, Zhao J, Zhou G, Li F, et al. Anchoring hydrous RuO2 on graphene sheets for high-performance electrochemical capacitors. Adv Funct Mater. 2010;20(20):3595–602. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201001054.10.1002/adfm.201001054 ↗
76. Dufaux T, Boettcher J, Burghard M, Kern K. Photocurrent distribution in graphene–CdS nanowire devices. Small. 2010;6(17):1868–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201000950.10.1002/smll.201000950 ↗
77. Zedan AF, Sappal S, Moussa S, El-Shall MS. Ligand-controlled microwave synthesis of cubic and hexagonal CdSe nanocrystals supported on graphene. Photoluminescence quenching by graphene. J Phys Chem C. 2010;114(47):19920–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp107297x.10.1021/jp107297x ↗
78. Yan J, Fan Z, Wei T, Qian W, Zhang M, Wei F. Fast and reversible surface redox reaction of graphene–MnO2 composites as supercapacitor electrodes. Carbon. 2010;48(13):3825–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.06.047.10.1016/j.carbon.2010.06.047 ↗
79. Cao A, Liu Z, Chu S, Wu M, Ye Z, Cai Z, et al. A facile one-step method to produce graphene–cds quantum dot nanocomposites as promising optoelectronic materials. Adv Mater. 2010;22(1):103–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200901920.10.1002/adma.200901920 ↗
80. Kim Y-T, Han JH, Hong BH, Kwon Y-U. Electrochemical synthesis of CdSe quantum-dot arrays on a graphene basal plane using mesoporous silica thin-film templates. Adv Mater. 2010;22(4):515–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200902736.10.1002/adma.200902736 ↗
81. Rahman BMA, Viphavakit C, Chitaree R, Ghosh S, Pathak AK, Verma S, et al. Optical fiber, nanomaterial, and Thz-metasurface-mediated nano-biosensors: a review. Biosensors. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12010042.10.3390/bios12010042 ↗
82. Pourmadadi M, Soleimani Dinani H, Saeidi Tabar F, Khassi K, Janfaza S, Tasnim N, et al. Properties and applications of graphene and its derivatives in biosensors for cancer detection: a comprehensive review. Biosensors. 2022;12(5):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12050269.10.3390/bios12050269 ↗
83. Sargazi S, Fatima I, Hassan Kiani M, Mohammadzadeh V, Arshad R, Bilal M, et al. Fluorescent-based nanosensors for selective detection of a wide range of biological macromolecules: a comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;206:115–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.137.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.137 ↗
84. Shand H, Dutta S, Rajakumar S, James-Paulraj S, Mandal AK, Ramya-Devi KT, et al. New age detection of viruses: the nano-biosensors. Front Nanotechnol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnano.2021.814550.10.3389/fnano.2021.814550 ↗
85. Martín-Gracia B, Martín-Barreiro A, Cuestas-Ayllón C, Grazú V, Line A, Llorente A, et al. Nanoparticle-based biosensors for detection of extracellular vesicles in liquid biopsies. J Mater Chem B. 2020;8(31):6710–38.10.1039/D0TB00861C ↗
86. Yazdi MK, Zarrintaj P, Bagheri B, Kim YC, Ganjali MR, Saeb MR. 32-Nanotechnology-based biosensors in drug delivery. In: Mozafari M, editor. Nanoengineered biomaterials for advanced drug delivery. Elsevier; 2020. p. 767–79.10.1016/B978-0-08-102985-5.00032-2 ↗
87. Hassan RYA. Advances in electrochemical nano-biosensors for biomedical and environmental applications: from current work to future perspectives. Sensors. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197539.10.3390/s22197539 ↗
88. Yadav SK, Yadav RD, Tabassum H, Arya M. Recent developments in nanotechnology-based biosensors for the diagnosis of coronavirus. Plasmonics. 2023;18(3):955–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01822-z.10.1007/s11468-023-01822-z ↗
89. Banigo AT, Azeez TO, Ejeta KO, Lateef A, Ajuogu E. Nanobiosensors: applications in biomedical technology. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;805(1): 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/805/1/012028.10.1088/1757-899X/805/1/012028 ↗
90. Rabbani M, Hoque ME, Mahbub ZB. Chapter 7-Nanosensors in biomedical and environmental applications: perspectives and prospects. In: Pal K, Gomes F, editors. Nanofabrication for smart nanosensor applications. Elsevier; 2020. p. 163–86.10.1016/B978-0-12-820702-4.00007-6 ↗
91. Chen C, Wang J. Optical biosensors: an exhaustive and comprehensive review. Analyst. 2020;145(5):1605–28. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AN01998G.10.1039/C9AN01998G ↗
92. Kaur B, Kumar S, Kaushik BK. Recent advancements in optical biosensors for cancer detection. Biosens Bioelectron. 2022;197: 113805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113805.10.1016/j.bios.2021.113805 ↗
93. Tan J, Lai Z, Zhong L, Zhang Z, Zheng R, Su J, et al. A Graphene oxide-based fluorescent aptasensor for the turn-on detection of CCRF-CEM. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2018;13(1):66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-017-2403-3.10.1186/s11671-017-2403-3 ↗
94. Cheng R, Ge C, Qi L, Zhang Z, Ma J, Huang H, et al. Label-free graphene oxide förster resonance energy transfer sensors for selective detection of dopamine in human serums and cells. J Phys Chem C. 2018;122(25):13314–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b09256.10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b09256 ↗
95. Zangeneh Kamali K, Pandikumar A, Sivaraman G, Lim HN, Wren SP, Sun T, et al. Silver@graphene oxide nanocomposite-based optical sensor platform for biomolecules. RSC Adv. 2015;5(23):17809–16. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA11356J.10.1039/C4RA11356J ↗
96. Akgönüllü S, Denizli A. Recent advances in optical biosensing approaches for biomarkers detection. Biosens Bioelectron X. 2022;12: 100269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100269.10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100269 ↗
97. Yin X. Effective optical biosensing using a graphene-based metasurface of asymmetric split silicon bars. Optik. 2023;287: 171047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.171047.10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.171047 ↗
98. Panda A, Pukhrambam PD, Keiser G. Performance analysis of graphene-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor for blood glucose and gas detection. Appl Phys A. 2020;126(3):153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-3328-8.10.1007/s00339-020-3328-8 ↗
99. Goswami KJ, Boruah A, Sen Sarma N. Smart-phone-assisted optical biosensors based on silk-fibroin-decorated reduced graphene oxide quantum dots for fluorescent turn-on recognition of l-Dopa. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2023;6(12):10191–201. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01088.10.1021/acsanm.3c01088 ↗
100. He J, Spanolios E, Froehlich CE, Wouters CL, Haynes CL. Recent advances in the development and characterization of electrochemical and electrical biosensors for small molecule neurotransmitters. ACS Sens. 2023;8(4):1391–403. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.3c00082.10.1021/acssensors.3c00082 ↗