journal article·2018-09

Tailoring sample-wide pseudo-magnetic fields on a graphene–black phosphorus heterostructure

Yanpeng Liu, J. N. B. Rodrigues, Yong Zheng Luo, Linjun Li, Alexandra Carvalho, Ming Yang, Evan Laksono, Junpeng Lu, Yang Bao, Hai Xu, Sherman J. R. Tan, Zhizhan Qiu, Chorng Haur Sow, Yuan Ping Feng, A. H. Castro Neto, Shaffique Adam, Jiong Lu, Kian Ping Loh

Nature Nanotechnology· Volume 13· Issue 9
Publisher page

Abstract

Spatially tailored pseudo-magnetic fields (PMFs) can give rise to pseudo-Landau levels and the valley Hall effect in graphene. At an experimental level, it is highly challenging to create the specific strain texture that can generate PMFs over large areas. Here, we report that superposing graphene on multilayer black phosphorus creates shear-strained superlattices that generate a PMF over an entire graphene-black phosphorus heterostructure with edge size of tens of micrometres. The PMF is intertwined with the spatial period of the moiré pattern, and its spatial distribution and intensity can be modified by changing the relative orientation of the two materials. We show that the emerging pseudo-Landau levels influence the transport properties of graphene-black phosphorus field-effect transistor devices with Hall bar geometry. The application of an external magnetic field allows us to enhance or reduce the effective field depending on the valley polarization with the prospect of developing a valley filter.
Source: europepmc · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Graphene research and applications · 2D Materials and Applications · Topological Materials and Phenomena

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (40)

Show source-provided references
1. Novoselov, K. S. et al. A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490, 192–200 (2012).10.1038/nature11458 ↗
2. Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S. & Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109–162 (2009).10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109 ↗
3. de Juan, F., Mañes, J. L. & Vozmediano, M. A. Gauge fields from strain in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 87, 165131 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevB.87.165131 ↗
4. Vozmediano, M. A. H., Katsnelson, M. I. & Guinea, F. Gauge fields in graphene. Phys. Rep. 496, 109–148 (2010).10.1016/j.physrep.2010.07.003 ↗
5. Guinea, F., Katsnelson, M. I. & Geim, A. K. Energy gaps and a zero-field quantum Hall effect in graphene by strain engineering. Nat. Phys. 6, 30–33 (2010).10.1038/nphys1420 ↗
6. Low, T. & Guinea, F. Strain-induced pseudomagnetic field for novel graphene electronics. Nano Lett. 10, 3551–3554 (2010).10.1021/nl1018063 ↗
7. Guinea, F., Horovitz, B. & Le Doussal, P. Gauge field induced by ripples in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 77, 205421 (2008).10.1103/PhysRevB.77.205421 ↗
8. Levy, N. et al. Strain-induced pseudo-magnetic fields greater than 300 tesla in graphene nanobubbles. Science 329, 544–547 (2010).10.1126/science.1191700 ↗
9. Jiang, Y. et al. Visualizing strain-induced pseudomagnetic fields in graphene through an hBN magnifying glass. Nano Lett. 17, 2839–2843 (2017).10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05228 ↗
10. Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J. W. & Hone, J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385–388 (2008).10.1126/science.1157996 ↗
11. Geim, A. K. & Grigorieva, I. V. Van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 499, 419–425 (2013).10.1038/nature12385 ↗
12. Yankowitz, M. et al. Emergence of superlattice Dirac points in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Nat. Phys. 8, 382–386 (2012).10.1038/nphys2272 ↗
13. Hunt, B. et al. Massive Dirac fermions and Hofstadter butterfly in a van der Waals heterostructure. Science 340, 1427–1430 (2013).10.1126/science.1237240 ↗
14. Dean, C. R. et al. Hofstadter's butterfly and the fractal quantum Hall effect in moiré superlattices. Nature 497, 598–602 (2013).10.1038/nature12186 ↗
15. Mishchenko, A. et al. Twist-controlled resonant tunnelling in graphene/boron nitride/graphene heterostructures. Nat. Nanotech. 9, 808–813 (2014).10.1038/nnano.2014.187 ↗
16. Xia, F., Wang, H. & Jia, Y. Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronic. Nat. Commun. 5, 4458 (2014).10.1038/ncomms5458 ↗
17. Li, L. et al. Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nat. Nanotech. 9, 372–377 (2014).10.1038/nnano.2014.35 ↗
18. Appalakondaiah, S., Vaitheeswaran, G., Lebegue, S., Christensen, N. E. & Svane, A. Effect of van der Waals interactions on the structural and elastic properties of black phosphorus. Phys. Rev. B 86, 035105 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevB.86.035105 ↗
19. Wu, J. et al. Identifying the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus using angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 127, 2396–2399 (2015).10.1002/ange.201410108 ↗
20. Pereira, V. M. & Castro Neto, A. H. Strain engineering of graphene's electronic structure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 046801 (2009).10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.046801 ↗
21. Artaud, A. et al. Universal classification of twisted, strained and sheared graphene moiré superlattices. Sci. Rep. 6, 25670 (2016).10.1038/srep25670 ↗
22. Park, C.-H., Yang, L., Son, Y.-W., Cohen, M. L. & Louie, S. G. Anisotropic behaviours of massless Dirac fermions in graphene under periodic potentials. Nat. Phys. 4, 213–217 (2008).10.1038/nphys890 ↗
23. Yoon, D. et al. Strong polarization dependence of double-resonant Raman intensities in graphene. Nano Lett. 8, 4270–4274 (2008).10.1021/nl8017498 ↗
24. Ferrari, A. C. & Basko, D. M. Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nat. Nanotech. 8, 235–246 (2013).10.1038/nnano.2013.46 ↗
25. Kresse, G. & Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal–amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium. Phys. Rev. B 49, 14251 (1994).10.1103/PhysRevB.49.14251 ↗
26. Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996).10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865 ↗
27. Miller, D. L. et al. Observing the quantization of zero mass carriers in graphene. Science 324, 924–927 (2009).10.1126/science.1171810 ↗
28. Li, S. Y. et al. Observation of unconventional splitting of Landau levels in strained graphene. Phys. Rev. B 92, 245302 (2015).10.1103/PhysRevB.92.245302 ↗
29. Song, Y. J. et al. High-resolution tunnelling spectroscopy of a graphene quartet. Nature 467, 185 (2010).10.1038/nature09330 ↗
30. Gibertini, M., Tomadin, A., Polini, M., Fasolino, A. & Katsnelson, M. I. Electron density distribution and screening in rippled graphene sheets. Phys. Rev. B 81, 125437 (2010).10.1103/PhysRevB.81.125437 ↗
31. Castro, E. V., Cazalilla, M. A. & Vozmediano, M. A. Raise and collapse of pseudo Landau levels in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 96, 241405 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevB.96.241405 ↗
32. Slotman, G. J. et al. Effect of structural relaxation on the electronic structure of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 186801 (2015).10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.186801 ↗
33. Woods, C. R. et al. Commensurate–incommensurate transition in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Nat. Phys. 10, 451–456 (2014).10.1038/nphys2954 ↗
34. Müller, J. E. Effect of a nonuniform magnetic field on a two-dimensional electron gas in the ballistic regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 385–388 (1992).10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.385 ↗
35. Goerbig, M. O. Electronic properties of graphene in a strong magnetic field. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1193 (2011).10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1193 ↗
36. Weiss, D., von Klitzing, K., Ploog, K. & Weimann, G. Magnetoresistance oscillations in a two-dimensional electron gas induced by a submicrometer periodic potential. Europhys. Lett. 8, 179–184 (1989).10.1209/0295-5075/8/2/012 ↗
37. Peeters, F. M. & Vasilopoulos, P. Quantum transport of a two-dimensional electron gas in a spatially modulated magnetic field. Phys. Rev. B 47, 1466 (1993).10.1103/PhysRevB.47.1466 ↗
38. Carmona, H. A. et al. Two dimensional electrons in a lateral magnetic superlattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3009 (1995).10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3009 ↗
39. Matulis, A. & Peeters, F. M. Appearance of enhanced Weiss oscillations in graphene: Theory. Phys. Rev. B 75, 125429 (2007).10.1103/PhysRevB.75.125429 ↗
40. Roy, B., Hu, Z. X. & Yang, K. Theory of unconventional quantum Hall effect in strained graphene. Phys. Rev. B 87, 121408 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevB.87.121408 ↗