Interfacial Modulation of Spin–Orbit Torques Induced by Two-Dimensional van der Waals Material ZrSe₃

Two-dimensional van der Waals (2D vdW) materials are widely used in spin–orbit torque (SOT) devices. Recent studies have demonstrated the low crystal symmetry and large spin Hall conductivity of 2D vdW ZrSe 3, indicating its potential applications in low-power SOT devices. Here, we study the interfacial contribution of SOTs and current-induced magnetization switching in the ZrSe 3 /Py (Ni 80 Fe 20 ) and ZrSe 3 /Cu/Py heterostructures. SOT efficiencies of samples are detected by the spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR), and out-of-plane damping-like torque (τ B ) is observed. The ratio between τ B and the field-like torque (τ A ) decreases from 0.175 to 0.138 when inserting 1 nm Cu at the interface and then drops to 0.001 when the thickness of Cu intercalation is 2 nm, indicating that Cu intercalation inhibits the τ B component of SOT. Moreover, the SOT efficiency is increased from 3.05 to 5.21, which may be attributed to the Cu intercalation being beneficial to improve the interface between Py and ZrSe 3 . Theoretical calculation has shown that the Cu spacer can change the conductivity of ZrSe 3 from semiconductor to conductor, thereby decreasing the Schottky barrier and increasing the transmission efficiency of the spin current. Furthermore, magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy is employed to verify the current-driven magnetization switching in these structures. In comparison to the ZrSe 3 /Py bilayer, the critical current density of ZrSe 3 /Cu/Py is reduced when inserting 1 nm Cu, demonstrating the higher SOT efficiency and lower power consumption in ZrSe 3 /Cu/Py structures.