Slow-Release Effect Assisted Crystallization for Sequential Deposition Realizes Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

The two-step sequential deposition strategy has been widely recognized in promoting the research and application of perovskite solar cells, but the rapid reaction of organic salts with lead iodide inevitably affects the growth of perovskite crystals, accompanied by the generation of more defects. In this study, the regulation of crystal growth was achieved in a two-step deposition method by mixing 1-naphthylmethylammonium bromide (NMABr) with organic salts. The results show that the addition of NMABr effectively delays the aggregation and crystallization behavior of organic salts; thereby, the growth of the optimal crystal (001) orientation of perovskite is promoted. Based on this phenomenon of delaying the crystallization process of perovskite, the "slow-release effect assisted crystallization" is defined. Moreover, the incorporation of the Br element expands the band gap of perovskite and mitigates material defects as nonradiative recombination centers. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the enhanced perovskite solar cells (PSCs) reaches 20.20%. It is noteworthy that the hydrophobic nature of the naphthalene moiety in NMABr can enhance the humidity resistance of PSCs, and the perovskite phase does not decompose for more than 3000 h (30-40% RH), enabling it to retain 90% of its initial efficiency even after exposure to a nitrogen environment for 1200 h.