Topotactic, Vapor-Phase, In Situ Monitored Formation of Ultrathin, Phase-Pure 2D-on-3D Halide Perovskite Surfaces

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites, HaPs, can provide chemical stability to three-dimensional (3D) HaP surfaces, protecting them from exposure to ambient species and from reacting with contacting layers. Both actions occur with 2D HaPs, with the general stoichiometry R 2 PbI 4 (R: long or bulky organic amine) covering the 3D ones. Adding such covering films can also boost power conversion efficiencies of photovoltaic cells by passivating surface/interface trap states. For maximum benefit, we need conformal ultrathin and phase-pure ( n = 1) 2D layers to enable efficient tunneling of photogenerated charge carriers through the 2D film barrier. Conformal coverage of ultrathin (<10 nm) R 2 PbI 4 layers on 3D perovskites is challenging with spin coating; even more so is its upscaling for larger-area devices. We report on vapor-phase cation exchange of the 3D surface with the R 2 PbI 4 molecules and real-time in situ growth monitoring by photoluminescence (PL) to determine limits for forming ultrathin 2D layers. We characterize the 2D growth stages, following the changing PL intensity–time profiles, by combining structural, optical, morphological, and compositional characterizations. Moreover, from quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis on 2D/3D bilayer films, we estimate the smallest width of a 2D cover that we can grow to be <5 nm, roughly the limit for efficient tunneling through a (semi)conjugated organic barrier. We also find that, besides protecting the 3D against ambient humidity-induced degradation, the ultrathin 2D-on-3D film also aids self-repair following photodamage.