Nanosized Ti-Based Perovskite Oxides as Acid–Base Bifunctional Catalysts for Cyanosilylation of Carbonyl Compounds

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The development of effective solid acid–base bifunctional catalysts remains a challenge because of the difficulty associated with designing and controlling their active sites. In the present study, highly pure perovskite oxide nanoparticles with d 0 -transition-metal cations such as Ti 4+, Zr 4+, and Nb 5+ as B -site elements were successfully synthesized by a sol–gel method using dicarboxylic acids. Moreover, the specific surface area of SrTiO 3 was increased to 46 m 2 g –1 by a simple procedure of changing the atmosphere from N 2 to air during calcination of an amorphous precursor. The resultant SrTiO 3 nanoparticles showed the highest catalytic activity for the cyanosilylation of acetophenone with trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) among the tested catalysts not subjected to a thermal pretreatment. Various aromatic and aliphatic carbonyl compounds were efficiently converted to the corresponding cyanohydrin silyl ethers in good-to-excellent yields. The present system was applicable to a larger-scale reaction of acetophenone with TMSCN (10 mmol scale), in which 2.06 g of the analytically pure corresponding product was isolated. In this case, the reaction rate was 8.4 mmol g –1 min –1, which is the highest rate among those reported for heterogeneous catalyst systems that do not involve a pretreatment. Mechanistic studies, including studies of the catalyst effect, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption measurements using probe molecules such as pyridine, acetophenone, CO 2, and CHCl 3, and the poisoning effect of pyridine and acetic acid toward the cyanosilylation, revealed that moderate-strength acid and base sites present in moderate amounts on SrTiO 3 most likely enable SrTiO 3 to act as a bifunctional acid–base solid catalyst through cooperative activation of carbonyl compounds and TMSCN. This bifunctional catalysis through SrTiO 3 resulted in high catalytic performance even without a heat pretreatment, in sharp contrast to the performance of basic MgO and acidic TiO 2 catalysts.