Role of Ferroelectric In₂Se₃ in Polysulfide Shuttling and Charging/Discharging Kinetics in Lithium/Sodium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) and sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries, with the advantages of ultrahigh energy density, natural abundance, and ecofriendliness, are regarded as next-generation rechargeable batteries. However, polysulfide shuttling and sluggish charging/discharging kinetics in sulfur cathodes severely hamper their practical applications. In this study, via employing first-principles calculations, we investigate two-dimensional ferroelectric In2Se3 as a promising additive to overcome these obstacles. Our studies reveal the following findings: (1) the In2Se3 monolayer has a modest adsorption strength to soluble polysulfides, which not only eliminates the notorious shuttle effect but also prevents polysulfide dissolution; (2) In2Se3 is able to significantly reduce the free energy barriers of sulfur reduction reaction and the decomposition barriers of Li2S and Na2S, thus greatly enhancing the charging and discharging efficiency; and (3) due to the strong binding ability, the polarization downward (P↓) surface always outperforms the polarization upward (P↑) surface during charging/discharging processes, enabling the effective control of battery performance by ferroelectric switching. Given these advantages, it is expected that ferroelectric In2Se3 and similar ferroelectric additives will open a new route to enhance Li–S and Na–S battery performance.