F-doping-Enhanced Carrier Transport in the SnO₂/Perovskite Interface for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

SnO2 is widely used as the electron transport layer (ETL) in n–i–p perovskite solar cells. However, the deep-level defects at the interface between SnO2 and the perovskite film will lead to energy loss, reducing the open-circuit voltage. Therefore, the interface optimization is essential to raise the efficiency and enhance the stability of perovskite solar cells. In this work, we introduce NH4F into the SnO2 electron transport layers, and the optimized SnO2 films reduce the interface defect density, improve the charge extraction, and reveal a better energy-level arrangement. Compared to the conventional SnO2 perovskite solar cell, the average Voc is improved by 70 mV with the champion efficiency up to 22.12%. Moreover, the unencapsulated F-doped SnO2 perovskite solar cells show better thermal stability (maintained 86.2%) and humidity stability (maintained 80.8%) after 35 days.