Grain size effect on electrical properties of Mn-modified 0.67BiFeO3–0.33BaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Abstract To investigate how grain size affects the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of Mn-modified 0.67BiFeO 3 –0.33BaTiO 3 ceramics, we prepared samples with a wide variety of grain sizes from 4.1 μm to 0.59 μm via a conventional solid-state process that use the normal and the two-step sintering methods. Small-signal dielectric measurements show that all the samples exhibit a relaxor-like behavior and that grain size has little influence on the room-temperature dielectric permittivity. For grain sizes below 2 μm, the remanent polarization P r and piezoelectric coefficient d 33 decrease with the grain size, whereas they remain almost constant near P r = 27 μC/cm 2 and d 33 = 70 pC/N in samples with grain sizes exceeding 2 μm. The mechanism underlying the observed grain size effect is discussed in terms of the electric-field-induced formation of macroscopic ferroelectric domains.