Sol–gel synthesized (Bi0.5Ba0.5Ag)0.5 (NiMn)0.5O3 perovskite ceramic: An exploration of its structural characteristics, dielectric properties and electrical conductivity

This manuscript delves into the multifaceted exploration of the perovskite ceramic (Bi_0.5Ba_0.5Ag)_0.5(NiMn)_0.5O₃, synthesized via the sol-gel technique. Unveiling the structural, morphological, dielectric, and electrical facets, the material's orthorhombic structure, affirmed through Rietveld-refined XRD data, showcases an average crystallite size of approximately 33 nm. Dielectric investigations illuminate the presence of Maxwell-Wagner-type dispersion, hinting at charge accumulation along grain boundaries and interfaces. Employing complex impedance and electric modulus analyses reveals microscopic dielectric relaxation intricacies and the material's conduction mechanisms. Electric modulus spectroscopy uncovers non-Debye-type relaxation, encompassing both localized and long-range processes. Nyquist plots attest to the ceramic's semiconducting nature. Applying the Arrhenius law to the imaginary part of electrical impedance and conductivity yields activation energies and relaxation times, significantly enriching our understanding of the material's electrical properties. This comprehensive scrutiny unravels the ceramic's potential applications, offering fresh insights for diverse device implementations.