Effect of biobased plasticizers, used as dispersing aids, on mechanical, rheological and thermal properties of micro fibrillated cellulose (MFC)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites over the time: how MFC controls the plasticizer migration?
Source abstract
Abstract
Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) has gained interest both in academia and industry, but some critical issues must be overcome to exploit the industrial MFC/biocomposites uses. In particular, the first drawback is related to the MFC agglomeration during the primary processing. Encouraging results have been obtained using plasticizers, as dispersing aids, during the extrusion that optimizes the process parameters based on the variation of the melt viscosity. However, even if the plasticizer addition counterbalances the excessive biocomposite stiffness, caused by the addition of the MFC, its eventual migration from the finished product needs to be evaluated to avoid toughness reductions as well as environmental and health issues. In this work, the MFC role in controlling the plasticizer migration was evaluated by analytical modeling based on Fick’s second law. The diffusion coefficient, D, over time was evaluated and correlated with the change in mechanical and thermal properties of cast extruded biocomposites. Mechanical and thermal data, analyzed over a 50-day time span, confirmed the expected benefits. The results obtained proved how the approach adopted in this study can be a valuable industrial manufacturing approach.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties · Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites · Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (71)
Show source-provided references
1. Aliotta L, Cinelli P, Coltelli MB, Lazzeri A (2019) Rigid filler toughening in PLA-Calcium carbonate composites: effect of particle surface treatment and matrix plasticization. Eur Polym J 113:78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.04210.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.042 ↗
2. Aliotta L, Vannozzi A, Panariello L et al (2020) Sustainable micro and nano additives for controlling the migration of a biobased plasticizer from pla-based flexible films. Polymers 12:1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1206136610.3390/polym12061366 ↗
3. Aliotta L, Canesi I, Lazzeri A (2021) Study on the preferential distribution of acetyl tributyl citrate in poly(lactic) acid-poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends. Polym Test 98:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.10716310.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107163 ↗
4. Aliotta L, Vannozzi A, Cinelli P et al (2022) Wheat bran addition as potential alternative to control the plasticizer migration into PLA/PBSA blends. J Mater Sci 57:14511–14527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07534-910.1007/s10853-022-07534-9 ↗
5. Araki J, Wada M, Kuga S (2001) Steric stabilization of a cellulose microcrystal suspension by poly(ethylene glycol) grafting. Langmuir 17:21–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/la001070m10.1021/la001070m ↗
6. Argon AS, Cohen RE (2003) Toughenability of polymers. Polymer 44:6013–6032. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00546-910.1016/S0032-3861(03)00546-9 ↗
7. Arvanitoyannis IS, Bosnea L (2004) Migration of substances from food packaging materials to foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 44:63–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040869049042462110.1080/10408690490424621 ↗
8. Aversa C, Barletta M, Puopolo M, Vesco S (2020) Cast extrusion of low gas permeability bioplastic sheets in PLA/PBS and PLA/PHB binary blends. Polym Plast Technol Mater 59:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2019.162539610.1080/25740881.2019.1625396 ↗
9. Azouz KB, Ramires EC, van den Fonteyne W et al (2012) Simple method for the melt extrusion of a cellulose nanocrystal reinforced hydrophobic polymer. ACS Macro Lett 1:236–240. https://doi.org/10.1021/mz200173710.1021/mz2001737 ↗
10. Botta L, la Mantia FP, Mistretta MC et al (2021) Structure-property relationships in bionanocomposites for pipe extrusion applications. Polymers 13:782. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1305078210.3390/polym13050782 ↗
11. Chanda S, Bajwa DS (2021) A review of current physical techniques for dispersion of cellulose nanomaterials in polymer matrices. Rev Adv Mater Sci 60:325–341. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2021-002310.1515/rams-2021-0023 ↗
12. Clemons C, Sabo R (2021) A review of wet compounding of cellulose nanocomposites. Polymers 13:911. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1306091110.3390/polym13060911 ↗
13. Crank J (1975) The mathematics of diffusion, second. Oxford University Press, England
14. Drumright RE, Gruber PR, Henton DE (2000) Polylactic acid technology. Adv Mater 12:1841–1846. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200012)12:23%3c1841::AID-ADMA1841%3e3.0.CO;2-E10.1002/1521-4095(200012)12:23<1841::AID-ADMA1841>3.0.CO;2-E ↗
15. Dufresne A (2017) Cellulose nanomaterial reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 29:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2017.01.00410.1016/j.cocis.2017.01.004 ↗
16. Fischer EW, Sterzel HJ, Wegner G (1973) Investigation of the structure of solution grown crystals of lactide copolymers by means of chemical reactions. Kolloid-Zeitschrift Zeitschrift Für Polymere 251:980–990. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0149892710.1007/BF01498927 ↗
17. Gigante V, Coltelli M-B, Vannozzi A et al (2019) Flat die extruded biocompatible poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) based films. Polymers 11:1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1111185710.3390/polym11111857 ↗
18. Gigante V, Aliotta L, Coltelli MB et al (2020) Fracture behavior and mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of biodegradable films extruded by flat die and calender. J Polym Sci 58:3264–3282. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.2020055510.1002/pol.20200555 ↗
19. Greco A, Ferrari F (2021) Thermal behavior of PLA plasticized by commercial and cardanol-derived plasticizers and the effect on the mechanical properties. J Therm Anal Calorim 146:131–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10403-910.1007/s10973-020-10403-9 ↗
20. Gurunathan T, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2015) A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 77:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.00710.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.007 ↗
21. Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R et al (2018) An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. J Hazard Mater 344:179–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.01410.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014 ↗
22. Higa CM, Tek AT, Wojtecki RJ, Braslau R (2018) Nonmigratory internal plasticization of poly(vinyl chloride) via pendant triazoles bearing alkyl or polyether esters. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 56:2397–2411. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.2920510.1002/pola.29205 ↗
23. Jamal EFA, Hashim MY, Othman MH et al (2018) Optimization of Alkali treatment condition on tensile properties of kenaf reinforced polyester composite using response surface method. Int J Integr Eng 10:40–46. https://doi.org/10.30880/IJIE.2018.10.01.00710.30880/IJIE.2018.10.01.007 ↗
24. Jamarani R, Erythropel H, Nicell J et al (2018) How green is your plasticizer? Polymers 10:834. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1008083410.3390/polym10080834 ↗
25. Johansen MR, Christensen TB, Ramos TM, Syberg K (2022) A review of the plastic value chain from a circular economy perspective. J Environ Manag 302:113975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.11397510.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113975 ↗
26. Jonoobi M, Harun J, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2010) Mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) prepared by twin screw extrusion. Compos Sci Technol 70:1742–1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.07.00510.1016/j.compscitech.2010.07.005 ↗
27. Kalia S, Dufresne A, Cherian BM et al (2011) Cellulose-based bio- and nanocomposites: a review. Int J Polym Sci 2011:1–35. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/83787510.1155/2011/837875 ↗
28. Kloser E, Gray DG (2010) Surface grafting of cellulose nanocrystals with poly(ethylene oxide) in aqueous media. Langmuir 26:13450–13456. https://doi.org/10.1021/la101795s10.1021/la101795s ↗
29. Lamm ME, Li K, Qian J et al (2021) Recent advances in functional materials through cellulose nanofiber templating. Adv Mater 33:2005538. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20200553810.1002/adma.202005538 ↗
30. Li X, Xiao Y, Wang B et al (2012) Effects of poly(1,2-propylene glycol adipate) and nano-CaCO3 on DOP migration and mechanical properties of flexible PVC. J Appl Polym Sci 124:1737–1743. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.3518310.1002/app.35183 ↗
31. Li D, Jiang Y, Lv S et al (2018) Preparation of plasticized poly (lactic acid) and its influence on the properties of composite materials. PLoS ONE 13:e0193520. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019352010.1371/journal.pone.0193520 ↗
32. Li Z, Reimer C, Wang T et al (2020) Thermal and mechanical properties of the biocomposites of Miscanthus biocarbon and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Polymers 12:1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1206130010.3390/polym12061300 ↗
33. Li K, Mcgrady D, Zhao X et al (2021) Surface-modified and oven-dried microfibrillated cellulose reinforced biocomposites: Cellulose network enabled high performance. Carbohydr Polym 256:117525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.11752510.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117525 ↗
34. Lundsgaard R (2010) Migration of plasticisers from PVC and other polymers. PHD Thesis-Technical University of Denmark
35. Ma Y, Liao S, Li Q et al (2020) Physical and chemical modifications of poly(vinyl chloride) materials to prevent plasticizer migration-Still on the run. React Funct Polym 147:104458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.10445810.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104458 ↗
36. Marais A, Kochumalayil JJ, Nilsson C et al (2012) Toward an alternative compatibilizer for PLA/cellulose composites: grafting of xyloglucan with PLA. Carbohydr Polym 89:1038–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.05110.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.051 ↗
37. Marra A, Silvestre C, Duraccio D, Cimmino S (2016) Polylactic acid/zinc oxide biocomposite films for food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 88:254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.03910.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.039 ↗
38. Mekonnen T, Mussone P, Khalil H, Bressler D (2013) Progress in bio-based plastics and plasticizing modifications. J Mater Chem A Mater 1:13379. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta12555f10.1039/c3ta12555f ↗
39. Mercer A, Castle L, Comyn J, Gilbert J (1990) Evaluation of a predictive mathematical model of di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate plasticizer migration from PVC film into foods. Food Addit Contam 7:497–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/0265203900937391110.1080/02652039009373911 ↗
40. Mistretta MC, Botta L, Arrigo R et al (2021) Bionanocomposite blown films: insights on the rheological and mechanical behavior. Polymers 13(7):1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1307116710.3390/polym13071167 ↗
41. Molinari G, Gigante V, Fiori S et al (2021) Dispersion of micro fibrillated cellulose (MFC) in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from lab-scale to semi-industrial processing using biobased plasticizers as dispersing aids. Chemistry 3:896–915. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry303006610.3390/chemistry3030066 ↗
42. Müller K, Fürtauer S, Schmid M, Zollfrank C (2022) Cellulose blends from gel extrusion and compounding with polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 139:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.5279410.1002/app.52794 ↗
43. Pole SS, Isayev AI (2021) Correlations in rheological behavior between large amplitude oscillatory shear and steady shear flow of silica-filled star-shaped styrene-butadiene rubber compounds: experiment and simulation. J Appl Polym Sci 138:1–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.5066010.1002/app.50660 ↗
44. Qian S, Sheng K (2017) PLA toughened by bamboo cellulose nanowhiskers: role of silane compatibilization on the PLA bionanocomposite properties. Compos Sci Technol 148:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.05.02010.1016/j.compscitech.2017.05.020 ↗
45. Qian S, Zhang H, Yao W, Sheng K (2018) Effects of bamboo cellulose nanowhisker content on the morphology, crystallization, mechanical, and thermal properties of PLA matrix biocomposites. Compos B Eng 133:203–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.04010.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.040 ↗
46. Rana AK, Frollini E, Thakur VK (2021) Cellulose nanocrystals: pretreatments, preparation strategies, and surface functionalization. Int J Biol Macromol 182:1554–1581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.11910.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.119 ↗
47. Raquez JM, Habibi Y, Murariu M, Dubois P (2013) Polylactide (PLA)-based nanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 38:1504–1542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.01410.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.014 ↗
48. Reddy NN, Mohan YM, Varaprasad K et al (2010) Surface treatment of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) to prevent plasticizer migration. J Appl Polym Sci 115:1589–1597. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.3115710.1002/app.31157 ↗
49. Righetti MC, Aliotta L, Mallegni N et al (2019) Constrained amorphous interphase and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Front Chem 7:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.0079010.3389/fchem.2019.00790 ↗
50. Ruiz MB, Pérez-Camargo RA, López Jv et al (2021) Accelerating the crystallization kinetics of linear polylactides by adding cyclic poly (-lactide): nucleation, plasticization and topological effects. Int J Biol Macromol 186:255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.02810.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.028 ↗
51. Scaffaro R, Maio A, Gulino EF et al (2020) The effects of nanoclay on the mechanical properties, Carvacrol release and degradation of a PLA/PBAT blend. Materials 13:983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1304098310.3390/ma13040983 ↗
52. Sergi C, Sbardella F, Lilli M et al (2020) Hybrid cellulose-basalt polypropylene composites with enhanced compatibility: the role of coupling agent. Molecules 25:4384. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2519438410.3390/molecules25194384 ↗
53. Shazleen SS, Yasim-Anuar TAT, Ibrahim NA et al (2021) Functionality of cellulose nanofiber as bio-based nucleating agent and nano-reinforcement material to enhance crystallization and mechanical properties of polylactic acid nanocomposite. Polymers 13:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1303038910.3390/polym13030389 ↗
54. Sheldon RA, Norton M (2020) Green chemistry and the plastic pollution challenge: towards a circular economy. Green Chem 22:6310–6322. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC02630A10.1039/D0GC02630A ↗
55. Sheng K, Zhang S, Qian S, Fontanillo Lopez CA (2019) High-toughness PLA/Bamboo cellulose nanowhiskers bionanocomposite strengthened with silylated ultrafine bamboo-char. Compos B Eng 165:174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.13910.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.139 ↗
56. Sudharsan Reddy K, Prabhakar MN, Kumara Babu P et al (2012) Miscibility studies of hydroxypropyl cellulose/poly(ethylene glycol) in dilute solutions and solid state. Int J Carbohydr Chem 2012:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/90638910.1155/2012/906389 ↗
57. Suryanegara L, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2009) The effect of crystallization of PLA on the thermal and mechanical properties of microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced PLA composites. Compos Sci Technol 69:1187–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.02.02210.1016/j.compscitech.2009.02.022 ↗
58. Suzuki K, Okumura H, Kitagawa K et al (2013) Development of continuous process enabling nanofibrillation of pulp and melt compounding. Cellulose 20:201–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9843-910.1007/s10570-012-9843-9 ↗
59. Tian J, Cao Z, Qian S et al (2022) Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose. Nanotechnol Rev 11:2469–2482. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-014210.1515/ntrev-2022-0142 ↗
60. Vergnaud JM (1995) General Survey on the mass transfers taking place between a polymerand a liquid. J Polym Eng 15:57–78. https://doi.org/10.1515/POLYENG.1995.15.1-2.5710.1515/POLYENG.1995.15.1-2.57 ↗
61. Wang Q, Ji C, Sun J et al (2020) Structure and properties of polylactic acid biocomposite films reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils. Molecules 25:3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2514330610.3390/molecules25143306 ↗
62. Wei X-F, Linde E, Hedenqvist MS (2019) Plasticiser loss from plastic or rubber products through diffusion and evaporation. Npj Mater Degrad 3:18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-019-0080-710.1038/s41529-019-0080-7 ↗
63. Xiao H, Lu W, Yeh J (2009) Effect of plasticizer on the crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 113:112–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.2995510.1002/app.29955 ↗
64. Xu H, Yang X, Xie L, Hakkarainen M (2016) Conformational footprint in hydrolysis-induced nanofibrillation and crystallization of poly(lactic acid). Biomacromolecules 17:985–995. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b0163610.1021/acs.biomac.5b01636 ↗
65. Xu H, Zhou J, Odelius K et al (2021a) Nanostructured phase morphology of a biobased copolymer for tough and UV-resistant polylactide. ACS Appl Polym Mater 3:1973–1982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c0005710.1021/acsapm.1c00057 ↗
66. Xu L, Zhao J, Qian S et al (2021b) Green-plasticized poly(lactic acid)/nanofibrillated cellulose biocomposites with high strength, good toughness and excellent heat resistance. Compos Sci Technol 203:108613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.10861310.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108613 ↗
67. Yetiş F, Liu X, Sampson WW, Gong RH (2020) Acetylation of lignin containing microfibrillated cellulose and its reinforcing effect for polylactic acid. Eur Polym J 134:109803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.10980310.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109803 ↗
68. Zhang S, Liang Y, Qian X et al (2020) Pyrolysis kinetics and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/bamboo particle biocomposites: effect of particle size distribution. Nanotechnol Rev 9:524–533. https://doi.org/10.1515/NTREV-2020-0037/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS10.1515/NTREV-2020-0037/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS ↗
69. Zhang Y, Li J, Su G (2022) Comprehensively screening of citric acid ester (CAE) plasticizers in Chinese foodstuffs, and the food-based assessment of human exposure risk of CAEs. Sci Total Environ 817:152933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.15293310.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152933 ↗
70. Zheng T, Pilla S (2020) Melt processing of cellulose nanocrystal-filled composites: toward reinforcement and foam nucleation. Ind Eng Chem Res 59:8511–8531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c0017010.1021/acs.iecr.0c00170 ↗
71. Zhou L, Ke K, Yang M-B, Yang W (2021) Recent progress on chemical modification of cellulose for high mechanical-performance poly(lactic acid)/cellulose composite: a review. Compos Commun 23:100548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.10054810.1016/j.coco.2020.100548 ↗