The Development of Transparent Photovoltaics

Transparent photovoltaics (TPVs), which combine visible transparency and solar energy conversion, are being developed for applications in which conventional opaque solar cells are unlikely to be feasible, such as windows of buildings or vehicles. In this paper, we review recent progress in TPVs along with strategies that enable the transparency of conventional photovoltaics, including thin-film technology, selective light-transmission technology, and luminescent solar concentrator technology. From fundamental research to commercialization of the TPV, three main perspectives should be considered: (1) high-power conversion efficiency at the same average visible transmittance; (2) aesthetic factors, which should not detract from applications such as buildings and vehicles; and (3) feasibility for real-world applications, including modularization and stability evaluation. We present the distinct analysis criteria for these main perspectives and discuss their importance. We also discuss possible research directions for the commercialization of TPVs.