The Current State of 3D-Printed Prostheses Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Introduction: 3D-printing is an emerging technology in the field of prosthetics, offering advantages such as cost-effectiveness, ease of customization, and improved accessibility. While previous reviews have focused on limited aspects, the aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical outcomes of 3D-printed prostheses for both upper and lower limbs. Methods: A search was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines across six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Sage). Studies on 3D-printed prostheses in human rehabilitation that focused on the clinical outcomes of the device were included, while studies lacking clinical data, 3D printing details, or focusing on traditional manufacturing methods were excluded. Finally, the risk of bias was assessed using the modified Downs & Black Checklist. Results: A total of 1420 studies were identified, with 11 meeting the inclusion criteria. The included studies assessed different 3D-printed prosthetic types and upper and lower limb prostheses. The main clinical outcomes analyzed were functional performance, design and material integrity, and overall effectiveness of 3D-printed prostheses. Studies on upper limb prostheses reported improved dexterity, range of motion (ROM), and user satisfaction, despite some durability limitations. Lower limb prostheses showed enhancements in comfort, gait parameters, and customization, particularly in amphibious and partial foot designs. Conclusions: 3D-printed prostheses show potential to improve functional performance, patient satisfaction, fit, and implementation feasibility compared to conventional methods. However, limitations such as small sample sizes, variability in assessment tools, and limited high-quality evidence highlight the need for further research to support broader clinical adoption.