Effects of Finishing on Surface Roughness of Four Different Glass-Ionomer Cements and One Alkasite: In Vitro Investigation over Time Using Aging Simulation
Source abstract
Abstract
In 2017, Europe implemented a ban on amalgam restorations for children aged <15 years and for pregnant/breastfeeding women, highlighting the need for alternative filling materials exhibiting less surface roughness and enhanced longevity. This in vitro study aimed to examine the surface roughness variations of five amalgam-replacement materials across three time points and using six finishing methods: (1) no finishing (control), (2) Arkansas burs, (3) diamond burs, (4) tungsten carbide burs, (5) SofLex discs in descending grit size, and (6) coarse SofLex discs combined with silicone polishing. We prepared 960 samples. Each material group, i.e., Cention Forte (CNF), DeltaFil (DLF), Ketac Universal (KTU), IonoStar Molar (ISM), and Equia Forte HT (EQF), comprised 60 samples (n = 10 per finishing method) created using standardized 3D-printed metal molds. Surface roughness (Sa) was measured immediately after finishing, after 30 days of storage in distilled water, and after thermocycling (5000 cycles) using a non-contact profilometer. The results indicate that conventional and hybrid glass-ionomer cements have smoother surfaces than high-viscosity GICs. The DLF and CNF groups exhibited stable outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate finishing methods based on the restorative material to minimize surface roughness.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Dental materials and restorations · Building materials and conservation · Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Division of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Prosthodontics, Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
Department of Psychology, Bundeswehr University Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
References (57)
Show source-provided references
1. (2008). Annex 4. Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Verlag C.H.BECK oHG. European Union Trade Mark Regulation.
2. Principles of Crystal Phase Formation in Ivoclar Vivadent Glass-ceramics for Dental Restorations10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.04.034 ↗
3. Clinical Performance of Alkasite Dental Material and High Viscosity Glass Ionomer Restorations in Class I Cavities. Comparative Study for One Year Follow Up10.21608/edj.2022.140829.2123 ↗
4. Clinical Performance of an Alkasite-based Bioactive Restorative in Class II Cavities: A Randomized Clinical Trial10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0025 ↗
5. Is High-viscosity Glass-ionomer-cement a Successor to Amalgam for Treating Primary Molars?10.1016/j.dental.2014.07.010 ↗
6. Messer-Hannemann, P.P., Samadi, M., Böttcher, H., Duy, S., Duy, D., Albrecht, N., Schwendicke, F., and Effenberger, S. (2022). Evaluation of a Method to Determine Wear Resistance of Class I Tooth Restorations During Cyclic Loading. Materials, 15.10.3390/ma15155440 ↗
7. Mechanical Performance of a Newly Developed Glass Hybrid Restorative in the Restoration of Large MO Class 2 Cavities10.4103/njcp.njcp_628_18 ↗
8. Clinical Performance of a New Glass Ionomer Based Restoration System: A Retrospective Cohort Study10.1016/j.dental.2011.07.004 ↗
9. Four-year Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Clinical Performance of a Glass Ionomer Restorative System10.2341/13-239-C ↗
10. Comparison of Surface Roughness of Oral Hard Materials to the Threshold Surface Roughness for Bacterial Plaque Retention: A Review of the Literature10.1016/S0109-5641(97)80038-3 ↗
11. Bacterial Plaque Retention on Oral Hard Materials: Effect of Surface Roughness, Surface Composition, and Physisorbed Polycarboxylate10.1002/jbm.a.32493 ↗
12. Two-year Survival of High-viscosity Glass Ionomer in Children with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization10.1159/000508676 ↗
13. Enamel Surface Roughness After Debonding of Orthodontic Brackets and Various Clean-up Techniques
14. The Influence of Rotating Preparation Instruments on Surface Roughness of Humann Enamel
15. Analysis of Surface Roughness of Glass–ionomer Cements and Compomer10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01133.x ↗
16. In Vitro Evaluation of Bond Strength and Surface Roughness of a Resin-paint Material10.4012/dmj.23.406 ↗
17. World Health Organization (2024). Instructions for Applicants Preparing a Submission for the 2025 Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines.
18. The Effect of Thermocycling in Microleakage Analysis10.1016/0109-5641(92)90079-R ↗
19. Zhang, P., Hu, J., Bu, L., Zhang, H., Du, B., Zhu, C., and Li, Y. (2019). Facile Preparation of Reduction-responsive Micelles Based on Biodegradable Amphiphilic Polyurethane with Disulfide Bonds in the Backbone. Polymers, 11.10.3390/polym11020262 ↗
20. Comparative Assessment of the Surface Topography for Different Optical Profilometry Techniques After Dry Turning of Ti6al4v Titanium Alloy10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108378 ↗
21. Comparative Assessment of the Mechanical and Electromagnetic Surfaces of Explosively Clad Ti–steel Plates After Drilling Process10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.07.011 ↗
22. Randdichtigkeit Von Klasse-ii-versorgungen Bei Zusätzlicher Verwendung Von Flowable Kompositen, Eine In-vitro-studie10.1007/s00715-007-0041-6 ↗
23. Effects of Thermal Cycling and Surface Roughness on the Weibull Distribution of Porcelain Strength10.4012/dmj.28.433 ↗
24. Giomer Composite Compared to Glass Ionomer in Occlusoproximal ART Restorations of Primary Molars: 24-month RCT10.1111/adj.12894 ↗
25. Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Fluoride Release of Seven Different Glass-ionomer-based Restorative Materials
26. Surface Roughness Mediated Adhesion Forces Between Borosilicate Glass and Gram-positive Bacteria10.1021/la501711t ↗
27. Subnanometric Roughness Affects the Deposition and Mobile Adhesion of Escherichia coli on Silanized Glass Surfaces10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00883 ↗
28. DMG (2022). Deltafil: Stability from the Inside, DMG.
29. Development and Maintenance of Surface Gloss of Dental Composites After Polishing and Brushing: Review of the Literature10.1111/jerd.12875 ↗
30. Filler Particle Size and Composite Resin Classification Systems10.1111/j.1365-2842.1992.tb01487.x ↗
31. Effect of Surface Protection, Staining Beverages and Aging on the Color Stability and Hardness of Recently Introduced Uncoated Glass Ionomer Restorative Material10.1016/j.fdj.2018.05.004 ↗
32. Comparative Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Strength of Conventional GIC and Cention N to Enamel and Dentin of Primary Teeth: An in Vitro Study10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2410 ↗
33. Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Ketac Molar, Fuji IX and Equia Forte10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00444.8 ↗
34. The Effect of Polishing Techniques on the Surface Roughness and Color Change of Composite Resins10.1016/j.prosdent.2006.04.012 ↗
35. The Effect of Particle Size Distribution on an Experimental Glass-ionomer Cement10.1016/j.dental.2004.07.016 ↗
36. Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Glass-ionomer Cements10.1016/S0109-5641(99)00093-7 ↗
37. Najeeb, S., Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M., Khan, A., Zohaib, S., Martí, J., Sauro, S., Matinlinna, J., and Rehman, I. (2016). Modifications in Glass Ionomer Cements: Nano-sized Fillers and Bioactive Nanoceramics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.10.3390/ijms17071134 ↗
38. Effect of Finishing and Polishing Procedures on the Surface Roughness of New Tooth-coloured Restoratives10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01022.x ↗
39. Wawrzyńczak, A., Kłos, J., Nowak, I., and Czarnecka, B. (2021). Surface Studies on Glass Powders Used in Commercial Glass-ionomer Dental Cements. Molecules, 26.10.3390/molecules26175279 ↗
40. Fluoride Release, Weight Loss and Erosive Wear of Modern Aesthetic Restoratives10.1038/sj.bdj.4800256 ↗
41. Maturation Processes in Glass-ionomer Dental Cements10.1080/23337931.2018.1497492 ↗
42. Surface Roughness of Composite Resins After Finishing and Polishing10.1590/S0103-64402003000100007 ↗
43. The Effect of Three Finishing Systems on Four Esthetic Restorative Materials
44. Effect of Finishing and Polishing Procedures on the Surface Roughness of Packable Composites
45. Surface Finish Produced on Resin Composites by New Polishing Systems
46. The Effect of Different Finishing and Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness of Different Composite Restorative Materials10.5005/jcdp-8-2-89 ↗
47. Effects of Various Finishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Staining Susceptibility of Packable Composite Resins10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00014-3 ↗
48. Chemical and Mechanical Degradation of Nano-ionomer After Two Different Surface Protections: An in Vitro Study
49. Relationships Between Composite Roughness and Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Depth Under Shear in Vitro10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104535 ↗
50. (2005). A Review of "INTRODUCTION To NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING-A TRAINING GUIDE rdquo
51. Paul E. Mix, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987, Xiv + 406 Pages, Index, £ 50.45. Nondestruct. Test. Commun., 3, 187-188.10.1080/02780898808952947 ↗
52. Russ, J.C. (2006). The Image Processing Handbook, CRC Press.10.1201/9780203881095 ↗
53. Imaging and Non-contact Profile Analysis of Nd: YAG Laser-irradiated Teeth by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy10.4012/dmj.22.556 ↗
54. Carbon Fibers and Composites with Epoxy Resins: Topography, Fractography and Interphases10.1016/j.carbon.2003.12.085 ↗
55. Bonding of Composite to Base Materials: Effects of Adhesive Treatments on Base Surface Properties and Bond Strength
56. Effects of Various Chair-side Surface Treatment Methods on Dental Restorative Materials with Respect to Contact Angles and Surface Roughness10.4012/dmj.2014-098 ↗
57. Surface Roughness of Glass Ionomer Cements Indicated for Uncooperative Patients According to Surface Protection Treatment