RETRACTED ARTICLE: Eco-friendly method to synthesize and characterize 2D nanostructured (1,2-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ethyl) tungsten tetracarbonyl methyl red/copper oxide di-layer thin films

Three-layer thicknesses ( $${T}₁ = 50$$ , $${T}₂ = 75$$ and $${T}₃ = 100$$ nm) of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethyl tungsten tetracarbonyl methyl red (DPE-W-MR) were deposited onto the CuO thin film (50 nm) to produce DPE-W-MR/CuO di-layer thin films by sol–gel spin-coating technique. The composition and the chemical structure of the as-prepared thin films were characterized using various techniques including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, $$¹\hbox {H}$$ -NMR and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the size and shape of the CuO nanoparticles and the fabricated thin films. The films are crystalline as evidenced by the XRD pattern and DPE-W-MR has an orthorhombic crystal system. The crystallite size was calculated from an analysis of the line broadening features using the Scherrer formula; the average crystallite sizes of DPE-W-MR/CuO di-layer thin films are 52.92, 56.24 and 72.26 nm for $${T}₁$$ , $${T}₂$$ and $${T}₃$$ , respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis and the thermal curve of DPE-W-MR complex were studied. Optical properties of DPE-W-MR/CuO di-layer thin films are discussed. The optical band gap energies of DPE-W-MR di-layer thin films/CuO decreased (2.25, 2.1 and 1.88 eV) as the film thickness increased (from $${T}₁$$ to $${T}₃)$$ . Based on the optical results and the quantum confinement effects, the DPE-W-MR/CuO di-layer thin films may be candidates as semiconductor materials for optoelectronic devices.