Calculation of the surface energy of bcc transition metals by using the second nearest–neighbor modified embedded atom method

Abstract The surface energies for 24 surfaces of all bcc transition metals Fe, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nb and Ta have been calculated by using the second nearest–neighbor modified embedded atom method. The results show that, for all bcc transition metals, the order among three low-index surface energies E(1 1 0)