Directly Synthesized Graphene-Based Photonics and Optoelectronics Devices

In the past two decades, extensive research and studies have been performed on graphene because of its exceptional physical properties. Owing to its ultrahigh carrier mobility, quantum Hall effect and unique optical transmittance, graphene is considered to be a multi-functional component for realizing next-generation optoelectronic and photonic devices. Significant efforts have been made towards efficient synthesis, transfer, and integration of graphene for use in device scale. However, the critical hurdles lie in developing 3D and conformal graphene, which are ideal for integrated hybrid photonic systems. Here, we review different methods of synthesizing graphene, specifically recent advances in the synthesis of direct, conformal, 3D graphene. In addition, we comprehensively summarize the latest progress made towards directly grown, 3D, conformal graphene-based photonic and optoelectronic applications. Finally, several important challenges for large-sale implementation of directly grown graphene-based optoelectronic and photonic devices are discussed.