journal article·2025-10-09Open access

Potential for Improving the Environmental Sustainability of Natural Aggregates Production (Slovenian Case Study)

Janez Turk, Anja Kodrič, Rok Cajzek, Tjaša Zupančič Hartner

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 19

Abstract

The environmental performance of natural aggregates for concrete and road construction, extracted from a dolomite quarry, was investigated. Environmental hotspots were identified, and potential optimization measures to further reduce the environmental footprint were proposed. The natural aggregates extracted from the dolomite quarry have relatively low GWP and a low environmental footprint in general. The GWP of 1 tonne of natural aggregates used in concrete production is 1.13 kg CO2 equiv., while for 1 tonne of aggregates used in road construction, it is 0.97 kg CO2 equiv. The dolomite rock in the quarry in question is tectonically fractured, such that very intensive extraction is not required, taking into account the blasting of the rock and further processing. The use of non-road mobile machinery is already optimized. Additional reductions in environmental impact could be achieved by powering the screening process exclusively with electricity from renewable sources, such as a photovoltaic system. In this context, integrating on-site battery storage systems might present a promising solution for addressing the seasonal mismatch between solar energy generation and processing demands.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Regional Development and Management Studies

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

GIC GRADNJE d.o.o., Sv. Florijan 120, 3250 Rogaška Slatina, Slovenia

Funding

The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency

References (50)

Show source-provided references
1. Khatib, J.M. (2016). 9—Sustainability of aggregates in construction. Sustainability of Construction Materials, Woodhead Publishing. [2nd ed.].
2. Environmentalism and Natural Aggregate Mining10.1023/A:1014283519471 ↗
3. British Geological Survey (2025, March 12). Construction Aggregates. Mineral Planning Factsheet 2013, Available online: https://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/media/120400/nd9-mineral-factsheet-construction-aggregates-june-2013.pdf.
4. Vijerathne, D., Wahala, S., and Illankoon, C. (2024). Impact of Crushed Natural Aggregate on Environmental Footprint of the Construction Industry: Enhancing Sustainability in Aggregate Production. Buildings, 14.10.3390/buildings14092770 ↗
5. Reuse of mining waste as aggregates in fly ash-based geopolymers10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.164 ↗
6. Voit, K., and Kuschel, E. (2020). Rock Material Recycling in Tunnel Engineering. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10082722 ↗
7. Sustainable application of processed TBM excavated rock material as green structural concrete aggregate10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121245 ↗
8. Segui, P., Safhi, A.M., Amrani, M., and Benzaazoua, M. (2023). Mining Wastes as Road Construction Material: A Review. Minerals, 13.10.3390/min13010090 ↗
9. An Overview of Utilization of Steel Slag10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.108 ↗
10. Environmental evaluation of green concretes versus conventional concrete by means of LCA10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.035 ↗
11. Waste foundry sand in concrete: A review10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.010 ↗
12. A review of steel slag as a substitute for natural aggregate applied to cement concrete10.1080/14680629.2021.2024241 ↗
13. Recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes as alternative filling materials for highway subgrades in China10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120223 ↗
14. Reis, G.S.d., Quattrone, M., Ambrós, W.M., Grigore Cazacliu, B., and Hoffmann Sampaio, C. (2021). Current Applications of Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition: A Review. Materials, 14.10.3390/ma14071700 ↗
15. Tost, M., and Ammerer, G. (2022). Sustainable Supply of Aggregates in Europe—An Assessment of “Non-Critical” but Essential Raw Materials with Focus on Policy and Permitting Elements, Commissioned by Aggregates Europe—UEPG. Final Report 12/2022.
16. Delgado, L., Catarino, A.S., Eder, P., Litten, D., Luo, Z., and Villanueva, A. (2009). JRC 2009: End-of-Waste Criteria (Final Report), Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
17. EU (2024). Directive (EU) 2024/1785 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 April 2024 Amending Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on Industrial Emissions (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) and Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the Landfill of Waste (Text with EEA Relevance) 2024, European Union.
18. Muchová, L., and Eder, P. (2010). End-of-Waste Criteria for Iron and Steel Scrap: Technical Proposals, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports 2010.
19. Rodriguez Vieitez, E., Eder, P., Villanueva, A., and Saveyn, H. (2011). End-of-Waste Criteria for Glass Cullet: Technical Proposals, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports 2011.
20. Saveyn, H., and Eder, P. (2014). End-of-Waste Criteria for Biodegradable Waste Subjected to Biological Treatment (Compost & Digestate): Technical Proposals, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports 2014.
21. Sustainable waste management through end-of-waste criteria development10.1007/s11356-015-5990-5 ↗
22. UEPG (2022). UEPG Guidance: End of Waste Criteria For Recycled Aggregates From Construction & Demolition Waste, UEPG. European Aggregates Association 2022.
23. Reetsch, A., Tessien, J., Schröder, N., van ‘t Zelfde, J., Ooms, J., van Bruggen, R., Lundberg, P., and Zamparutti, T. (2024). Background Data Collection for Future EU EoW Criteria of Construction and Demolition Waste—GROW/2022/OP/0015, European Commission, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. Deliverable 3 ‘Final Report on Analysis, Conclusion and Recommendations (Task 3)’ 2024.
24. UEPG (2021). Annual Review 2020–2021. European Aggregates Association 2021, UEPG.
25. Is gravel becoming scarce? Evaluating the local criticality of construction aggregates10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.07.016 ↗
26. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/3110 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2024 Laying Down Harmonised Rules for the Marketing of Construction Products and Repealing Regulation (EU) (Standard No. EU No 305/2011 2024).
27. Digital product passport for sustainable and circular supply chain management: A structured review of use cases10.1080/13675567.2024.2374256 ↗
28. Understanding the environmental impacts of virgin aggregates: Critical literature review and primary comprehensive life cycle assessments10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137629 ↗
29. Comparative environmental evaluation of aggregate production from recycled waste materials and virgin sources by LCA10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.02.009 ↗
30. Production of natural and recycled aggregates: The environmental impacts of energy consumption and CO2 emissions10.1007/s10163-017-0640-2 ↗
31. Life cycle assessment of natural and recycled concrete aggregate production for road pavements applications in the northern region of Colombia: Case study10.1177/0361198119839955 ↗
32. A review of life cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.078 ↗
33. (2013). Aggregates for Concrete (Standard No. EN 12620: 2013).
34. (2006). Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Principles and Framework (EN ISO 14040:2006) (Standard No. EN ISO 14040:2006).
35. (2019). Sustainability of Construction Works—Environmental Product Declarations—Core Rules for the Product Category of Construction Products (Standard No. EN 15804:2012+A2:2019).
36. European Environment Agency (2025, September 16). EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant EMISSION Inventory Guidebook 2023. Technical Guidance to Prepare National Emission Inventories. Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes-and-product-use/2-d-2-l-other/2-d-3-i-2/@@download/file.
37. Oever van den, A., Costa, D., and Messagie, M. (2023). Revisiting the challenges of ozone depletion from a prospective LCA perspective. Qeios.
38. Revisiting the challenges of ozone depletion in life cycle assessment10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100196 ↗
39. Life-cycle assessment of a civil explosive10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.027 ↗
40. EPD (2022). Environmental Product Declaration for Limestone Aggregates Xiorema Quarry 2022, EPD International.
41. EPD (2023). Environmental Product Declaration of Limestone Aggregates Mesaio Quarry 2023, EPD International.
42. Evaluation of limestone quarries for concrete and asphalt production: A case study from Ankara, Turkey10.1007/s12517-018-3990-8 ↗
43. A review of the methods to incorporate the geological and geotechnical characteristics of rock masses in blastability assessments for selective blast design10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105970 ↗
44. The Influence of Explosive and Rock Mass Properties on Blast Damage in a Single-Hole Blasting10.3390/mining4010011 ↗
45. Abuzaid, H., and Samara, F. (2022). Environmental and Economic Impact Assessments of a Photovoltaic Rooftop System in the United Arab Emirates. Energies, 15.10.3390/en15228765 ↗
46. (2025, August 06). IEA. Available online: https://www.iea.org/countries/slovenia.
47. Assessing Rare Metal Availability Challenges for Solar Energy Technologies10.3390/su70911818 ↗
48. A facile crush-and-sieve treatment for recycling end-of-life photovoltaics10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.023 ↗
49. (2025, September 26). Available online: https://lcadatabase.sphera.com/2025/xml-data/processes/2dbe076f-4a31-4348-a36a-bedf27f56715.xml.
50. Emission control and carbon capture from diesel generators and engines: A decade-long perspective