journal article·2024-02-01Open access

Energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing techniques for diamond: A review

Zhuo Li, Feng Jiang, Zhengyi Jiang, Zige Tian, Tian Qiu, Tao Zhang, Qiuling Wen, Xizhao Lu, Jing Lu, Hui Huang

Abstract

Abstract Diamond is a highly valuable material with diverse industrial applications, particularly in the fields of semiconductor, optics, and high-power electronics. However, its high hardness and chemical stability make it difficult to realize high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond. To address these challenges, several polishing methods have been developed for both single crystal diamond (SCD) and polycrystalline diamond (PCD), including mechanical, chemical, laser, and ion beam processing methods. In this review, the characteristics and application scope of various polishing technologies for SCD and PCD are highlighted. Specifically, various energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing technologies, such as laser polishing, ion beam polishing, plasma-assisted polishing, and laser-assisted polishing, are summarized. The current research progress, material removal mechanism, and influencing factors of each polishing technology are analyzed. Although some of these methods can achieve high material removal rates or reduce surface roughness, no single method can meet all the requirements. Finally, the future development prospects and application directions of different polishing technologies are presented.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research · Advanced Surface Polishing Techniques · Metal and Thin Film Mechanics

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. A polishing method for single crystal diamond (100) plane based on nano silica and nano nickel powder10.1016/j.diamond.2019.04.016 ↗
2. Control of the in-plane thermal conductivity of ultra-thin nanocrystalline diamond films through the grain and grain boundary properties10.1016/j.actamat.2015.09.045 ↗
3. Polishing, preparation and patterning of diamond for device applications10.1016/j.diamond.2019.05.010 ↗
4. The properties and applications of nanodiamonds10.1038/nnano.2011.209 ↗
5. Short-pulse laser-induced plasma micro-etching of high-temperature and high pressure single crystal diamond10.3788/gzxb20215006.0650114 ↗
7. Fabrication of monolithic diamond photodetector with microlenses10.1364/OE.25.031586 ↗
8. Recent advances in focused ion beam nanofabrication for nanostructures and devices: fundamentals and applications10.1039/D0NR07539F ↗
9. Integrated photonic devices in single crystal diamond10.1088/2515-7647/aba171 ↗
10. Single-crystal diamond nanomechanical resonators with quality factors exceeding one million10.1038/ncomms4638 ↗
11. Mechanical and optical nanodevices in single-crystal quartz10.1063/1.5008759 ↗
12. Progress in semiconductor diamond photodetectors and MEMS sensors10.1080/26941112.2021.1877019 ↗
13. The basic issues in design and fabrication of diamond-cutting tools for ultra-precision and nanometric machining10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2009.10.015 ↗
14. Diamond machining of silicon: a review of advances in molecular dynamics simulation10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2014.09.013 ↗
15. Size dependence of the plane-strain response of single-crystal Al to indentation by diamond wedges10.1016/j.actamat.2012.05.021 ↗
16. Fast determination of parameters describing manufacturing imperfections and operation wear of nanoindenter tips10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.09.061 ↗
17. A comprehensive study of mechanical and chemo-mechanical polishing of CVD diamond10.1016/j.matpr.2017.10.176 ↗
18. CVD diamond films: nucleation and growth10.1016/S0927-796X(99)00003-0 ↗
19. Progress on gyrotrons for ITER and future thermonuclear fusion reactors10.1109/TPS.2010.2095042 ↗
20. Diamond crystal x-ray optics for high-power-density synchrotron radiation beams10.1016/0168-9002(93)91291-t ↗
21. Electrochemical properties of undoped diamond10.1002/9783527623174.ch5 ↗
22. Ultraviolet emission from a diamond pn junction10.1126/science.1060258 ↗
23. Polishing mechanism and surface damage analysis of type IIa single crystal diamond processed by mechanical and chemical polishing methods10.1016/j.diamond.2015.11.021 ↗
24. Diamond surfaces polished both mechanically and manually; an atomic force microscopy (AFM) study10.1016/j.diamond.2007.11.006 ↗
25. Enhanced diamond nucleation on monodispersed nanocrystalline diamond10.1016/j.cplett.2007.07.091 ↗
26. Mechanical polishing of ultrahard nanotwinned diamond via transition into hard sp 2-sp 3 amorphous carbon10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.041 ↗
27. Towards understanding the brittle–ductile transition in the extreme manufacturing10.1088/2631-7990/abdfd7 ↗
28. Polishing and planarization of single crystal diamonds: state-of-the-art and perspectives10.1088/2631-7990/abe915 ↗
29. Tolkowsky · 1920
30. Limits of single crystal diamond surface mechanical polishing10.1016/j.diamond.2018.05.016 ↗
31. Atomistic origins of material removal rate anisotropy in mechanical polishing of diamond crystal10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.001 ↗
32. Chemical/mechanical polishing of diamond films assisted by molten mixture of LiNO3 and KNO310.1016/j.tsf.2005.08.322 ↗
33. Surface damage of single-crystal diamond (100) processed based on a sol-gel polishing tool10.1016/j.diamond.2018.01.023 ↗
34. Surface conversion reaction and high efficient grinding of CVD diamond films by chemically mechanical polishing10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.247 ↗
35. Anisotropic diamond etching through thermochemical reaction between Ni and diamond in high-temperature water vapour10.1038/s41598-018-25193-2 ↗
36. Tribochemical polishing CVD diamond film with FeNiCr alloy polishing plate prepared by MA-HPS technique10.1016/j.diamond.2011.10.015 ↗
37. Subsurface cleavage of diamond after high-speed three-dimensional dynamic friction polishing10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107600 ↗
38. Laser in micro and nanoprocessing of diamond materials10.1002/lpor.201100030 ↗
39. Optical quality laser polishing of CVD diamond by UV pulsed laser irradiation10.1002/adom.202100537 ↗
40. XPS studies on damage evaluation of single-crystal diamond chips processed with ion beam etching and reactive ion beam assisted chemical etching10.1016/j.diamond.2003.09.005 ↗
41. McGeough · 1988
42. Electrical discharge machining of conductive CVD diamond tool blanks10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.355 ↗
43. Lapping of single crystal diamond tools10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60585-X ↗
44. Microgroove grinding of monocrystalline diamond using medium-frequency vibration-assisted grinding with self-sensing grinding force technique10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116686 ↗
45. Damage-free finishing of CVD-SiC by a combination of dry plasma etching and plasma-assisted polishing10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2016.11.002 ↗
46. Damage-free highly efficient plasma-assisted polishing of a 20-mm square large mosaic single crystal diamond substrate10.1038/s41598-020-76430-6 ↗
47. Study on ultra precision polishing of single crystal diamond substrates under ultraviolet irradiation10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.407-408.355 ↗
48. Ultraviolet-irradiated precision polishing of diamond and its related materials10.1016/j.diamond.2013.07.001 ↗
49. Review on laser-induced etching processing technology for transparent hard and brittle materials10.1007/s00170-021-07853-2 ↗
50. Surface etching evolution of mechanically polished single crystal diamond with subsurface cleavage in microwave hydrogen plasma: topography, state and electrical properties10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.110932 ↗
51. Atomic-scale and damage-free polishing of single crystal diamond enhanced by atmospheric pressure inductively coupled plasma10.1016/j.carbon.2021.05.062 ↗
52. Novel planarization method of single-crystal diamond using 172 nm vacuum-ultraviolet light10.1016/j.precisioneng.2018.06.003 ↗
53. Etching of CVD diamond films using oxygen ions in ECR plasma10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.11.033 ↗
54. Anisotropy effects in diamond under nanoindentation10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.066 ↗
55. Incipient plasticity of diamond during nanoindentation10.1039/C7RA05721K ↗
56. Nanoindentation of diamond, graphite and fullerene films10.1016/S0925-9635(00)00188-6 ↗
57. Diamond polishing10.1098/rspa.2004.1339 ↗
58. Variation of hardness in the diamond
59. Diamond technology production methods for diamond and gem stones10.1038/175444d0 ↗
60. Surface energy-mediated fibronectin adsorption and osteoblast responses on nanostructured diamond10.1016/j.jmst.2018.11.009 ↗
61. Cutting performances of MCD, SMCD, NCD and MCD/NCD coated tools in high-speed milling of hot bending graphite molds10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116401 ↗
62. Science and technology of diamond films grown on HfO2 interface layer for transformational technologies10.1016/j.diamond.2016.09.010 ↗
63. Polishing of polycrystalline diamond using synergies between chemical and mechanical inputs: a review of mechanisms and processes10.1016/j.carbon.2022.04.028 ↗
64. Developments in CVD-diamond synthesis during the past decade10.1557/S0883769400029316 ↗
65. Nanocrystalline diamond10.1016/j.diamond.2011.02.015 ↗
66. The CVD of nanodiamond materials10.1002/cvde.200700037 ↗
67. Effect of doping level on residual stress, coating-substrate adhesion and wear resistance of boron-doped diamond coated tools10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.01.041 ↗
68. Status review of the science and technology of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD™) films and application to multifunctional devices10.1016/j.diamond.2010.03.015 ↗
69. A diamond made microchannel heat sink for high-density heat flux dissipation10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113804 ↗
70. A preliminary investigation of the effect of post-deposition polishing of diamond films on the machining behavior of diamond-coated cutting tools10.1016/0925-9635(94)00251-7 ↗
71. A review of techniques for polishing and planarizing chemically vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond films and substrates10.1016/S0925-9635(99)00088-6 ↗
72. Thermochemical polishing of CVD diamond films10.1016/S0925-9635(98)00158-7 ↗
73. Evaluation research of polishing methods for large area diamond films produced by chemical vapor deposition10.1016/j.diamond.2006.06.007 ↗
74. Behaviors of carbon atoms induced by friction in mechanical polishing of diamond10.1016/j.commatsci.2020.110069 ↗
75. High-rate ultrasonic polishing of polycrystalline diamond films10.1016/j.diamond.2016.05.002 ↗
76. Atomistic mechanisms of chemical mechanical polishing of diamond (100) in aqueous H2O2/pure H2O: molecular dynamics simulations using reactive force field (ReaxFF)10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.10.041 ↗
77. Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by the technique of dynamic friction. Part 2: material removal mechanism10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2006.11.003 ↗
78. Mechanochemical superpolishing of diamond using NaNO3 or KNO3 as oxidizing agents10.1016/0039-6028(95)00691-5 ↗
79. Visible-light catalyzed assisted chemical mechanical polishing of single crystal diamond10.1016/j.diamond.2022.108982 ↗
80. An efficient titanium-containing corundum wheel for grinding CVD diamond films10.1016/j.diamond.2018.03.018 ↗
81. Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by hot nickel surface10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00944-9 ↗
82. High-precision mechanical polishing method for diamond substrate using micron-sized diamond abrasive grains10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107644 ↗
83. The material removal mechanism in mechanical lapping of diamond cutting tools10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2004.11.014 ↗
84. Surface smoothing of a polycrystalline diamond using an iron plate-H2O2 chemical reaction10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.012 ↗
85. Surface smoothing of single-crystal diamond (100) substrate by polishing technique10.1016/j.diamond.2011.10.022 ↗
86. A new elegant technique for polishing CVD diamond films10.1016/S0925-9635(03)00169-9 ↗
87. Grodzinski · 1953
88. Wear process of single crystal diamond affected by sliding velocity and contact pressure in mechanical polishing10.1016/j.diamond.2015.06.004 ↗
89. Two-step polishing technique for single crystal diamond (100) substrate utilizing a chemical reaction with iron plate10.1016/j.diamond.2015.10.026 ↗
90. Dynamic friction polishing method utilizing resistance heating for efficient removal of electrically conductive diamond10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.76-78.325 ↗
91. Chen · 2005
92. Molecular dynamics simulation of abrasive characteristics and interfaces in chemical mechanical polishing10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144676 ↗
93. An oxidation enhanced mechanical polishing technique for CVD diamond films10.1016/j.diamond.2004.12.055 ↗
94. Laser photosublimation of compound semiconductors10.1557/JMR.1987.0244 ↗
95. Laser polishing of diamond plates10.1007/s003390050975 ↗
96. Study on site-specific polishing of polycrystalline diamond film by KrF excimer laser10.2961/jlmn.2017.02.0002 ↗
97. A study on machining of binder-less polycrystalline diamond by femtosecond pulsed laser for fabrication of micro milling tools10.1016/j.cirp.2016.04.081 ↗
98. Processing of polycrystalline diamond surface by IR laser pulses without interior damage10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.04.014 ↗
99. Development of high-power laser ablation process for polycrystalline diamond polishing Part 2: upscaling of PCD ultra-short pulsed laser ablation to high power10.1117/12.2544963 ↗
100. A study of femtosecond laser polishing of CVD nanopolycrystalline diamond films10.1142/S0218625X21500232 ↗