Show source-provided references
1. Rashid, M.H. (2016). Electric Renewable Energy Systems, Academic Press.
2. (2025, September 10). Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament an Energy Policy for Europe. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52007DC0001&from=en.
3. (2021, May 24). IRENA—International Renewable Energy Agency. Available online: https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Solar-energy.
4. Inspection and condition monitoring of large-scale photovoltaic power plants: A review of imaging technologies
10.1016/j.rser.2022.112353 ↗9. Faults and infrared thermographic diagnosis in operating c-Si photovoltaic modules: A review of research and future challenges
10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.079 ↗10. Infrared imaging of photovoltaic modules: A review of the state of the art and future challenges facing gigawatt photovoltaic power stations
10.1088/2516-1083/ac890b ↗12. Advances and prospects on estimating solar photovoltaic installation capacity and potential based on satellite and aerial images
10.1016/j.rser.2023.113276 ↗13. de Oliveira, A.K.V., Aghaei, M., and Rüther, R. (2022). Automatic Inspection of Photovoltaic Power Plants Using Aerial Infrared Thermography: A Review. Energies, 15.
10.3390/en15062055 ↗14. A Review of Photovoltaic Module Failure and Degradation Mechanisms: Causes and Detection Techniques
10.3390/solar4010003 ↗15. A Review on Image Processing Techniques for Damage detection on Photovoltaic Panels
16. Comparative investigation of imaging techniques, pre-processing and visual fault diagnosis using artificial intelligence models for solar photovoltaic system–A comprehensive review
10.1016/j.measurement.2024.114683 ↗17. Hussain, T., Hussain, M., Al-Aqrabi, H., Alsboui, T., and Hill, R. (2023). A Review on Defect Detection of Electroluminescence-Based Photovoltaic Cell Surface Images Using Computer Vision. Energies, 16.
10.3390/en16104012 ↗19. Spagnolo, G.S., Del Vecchio, P., Makary, G., Papalillo, D., and Martocchia, A. (2012, January 18–25). A review of IR thermography applied to PV systems. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, Venice, Italy.
20. Applied imagery pattern recognition for photovoltaic modules’ inspection: A review on methods, challenges and future development
21. Hoog, J., Maetschke, S., Ilfrich, P., and Kolluri, R.R. (2020, January 22–26). Using Satellite and Aerial Imagery for Identification of Solar PV: State of the Art and Research Opportunities. Proceedings of the e-Energy ‘20: Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems, Virtual Event.
23. Cazzato, D., Cimarelli, C., Sanchez-Lopez, J.L., Voos, H., and Leo, M. (2020). A Survey of Computer Vision Methods for 2D Object Detection from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. J. Imaging, 6.
10.3390/jimaging6080078 ↗24. Kadam, P., Fang, G., and Zou, J.J. (2024). Object Tracking Using Computer Vision: A Review. Computers, 13.
10.3390/computers13060136 ↗25. Head Pose Estimation in Computer Vision: A Survey
26. Wołk, K., and Tatara, M.S. (2024). A Review of Semantic Segmentation and Instance Segmentation Techniques in Forestry Using LiDAR and Imagery Data. Electronics, 13.
10.3390/electronics13204139 ↗27. Activity recognition using a combination of high gain observer and deep learning computer vision algorithms
31. Harikrishnan, J., Sudarsan, A., Sadashiv, A., and Ajai, R.A. (2019, January 30–31). Vision-Face Recognition Attendance Monitoring System for Surveillance using Deep Learning Technology and Computer Vision. Proceedings of the International Conference on Vision Towards Emerging Trends in Communication and Networking (ViTECoN), Vellore, India.
10.1109/ViTECoN.2019.8899418 ↗33. Hesse, N., Bodensteiner, C., Arens, M., Hofmann, U.G., Weinberger, R., and Schroeder, A.S. (2018, January 8–14). Computer Vision for Medical Infant Motion Analysis: State of the Art and RGB-D Data Set. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) Workshops, Munich, Germany.
10.1007/978-3-030-11024-6_3 ↗34. Gadasin, D.V., Shvedov, A.V., and Kuzin, I.A. (2021, January 11–12). Reconstruction of a Three-Dimensional Scene from its Projections in Computer Vision Systems. Proceedings of the Intelligent Technologies and Electronic Devices in Vehicle and Road Transport Complex (TIRVED), Moscow, Russia.
10.1109/TIRVED53476.2021.9639161 ↗35. Shehu, V., and Dika, A. (2010, January 21–24). Using real time computer vision algorithms in automatic attendance management systems. Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces, Cavtat, Croatia.
37. Pena-Gonzalez, R.H., and Nuno-Maganda, M.A. (2014, January 3–6). Computer vision based real-time vehicle tracking and classification system. Proceedings of the IEEE 57th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), College Station, TX, USA.
10.1109/MWSCAS.2014.6908506 ↗38. Dey, N., Bhateja, V., and Hassanien, A.E. (2016). Medical Imaging in Clinical Applications—Algorithmic and Computer-Based Approaches, Springer. Studies in Computational Intelligence.
10.1007/978-3-319-33793-7 ↗40. Andhare, P., and Rawat, S. (2016, January 12–13). Pick and place industrial robot controller with computer vision. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA), Pune, India.
10.1109/ICCUBEA.2016.7860048 ↗41. Kanchana, B., Peiris, R., Perera, D., Jayasinghe, D., and Kasthurirathna, D. (2021, January 9–11). Computer Vision for Autonomous Driving. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC), Colombo, Sri Lanka.
10.1109/ICAC54203.2021.9671099 ↗43. Chang, M.-C., Chiang, C.-K., Tsai, C.-M., Chang, Y.-K., Chiang, H.-L., Wang, Y.-A., Chang, S.-Y., Li, Y.-L., Tsai, M.-S., and Tseng, H.-Y. (2020, January 14–19). AI City Challenge 2020—Computer Vision for Smart Transportation Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, Online.
10.1109/CVPRW50498.2020.00318 ↗44. Zhang, X., Yi, W.-J., and Saniie, J. (2019, January 20–22). Home Surveillance System using Computer Vision and Convolutional Neural Network. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT), Brookings, SD, USA.
10.1109/EIT.2019.8833773 ↗46. Nair, S., Sharifzadeh, S., and Palade, V. (2024). Farmland Segmentation in Landsat 8 Satellite Images Using Deep Learning and Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks. Remote Sens., 16.
10.3390/rs16050823 ↗47. da Costa, M.V.C.V., de Carvalho, O.L.F., Orlandi, A.G., Hirata, I., de Albuquerque, A.O., e Silva, F.V., Guimarães, R.F., Gomes, R.A.T., and de Carvalho Júnior, O.A. (2021). Remote Sensing for Monitoring Photovoltaic Solar Plants in Brazil Using Deep Semantic Segmentation. Energies, 14.
10.3390/en14102960 ↗49. Tong, X.-Y., Lu, Q., Xia, G.-S., and Zhang, L. (2018, January 22–27). Large-Scale Land Cover Classification in Gaofen-2 Satellite Imagery. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.
10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518389 ↗50. Lin, Y., and Saripalli, S. (2012, January 14–18). Road detection from aerial imagery. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
51. Defect detection and quantification in electroluminescence images of solar PV modules using U-net semantic segmentation
10.1016/j.renene.2021.06.086 ↗52. Henry, C., Poudel, S., Lee, S.-W., and Jeong, H. (2020). Automatic Detection System of Deteriorated PV Modules Using Drone with Thermal Camera. Appl. Sci., 10.
10.3390/app10113802 ↗54. Eder, G.C., Voronko, Y., Hirschl, C., Ebner, R., Újvári, G., and Mühleisen, W. (2018). Non-Destructive Failure Detection and Visualization of Artificially and Naturally Aged PV Modules. Energies, 11.
10.3390/en11051053 ↗56. Jia, J., Sun, H., Jiang, C., Karila, K., Karjalainen, M., Ahokas, E., Khoramshahi, E., Hu, P., Chen, C., and Xue, T. (2021). Review on Active and Passive Remote Sensing Techniques for Road Extraction. Remote Sens., 13.
10.3390/rs13214235 ↗57. Parhar, P., Sawasaki, R., Todeschini, A., Reed, C., Vahabi, H., Nusaputra, N., and Vergara, F. (2022). HyperionSolarNet: Solar Panel Detection from Aerial Images. arXiv.
58. Combined multi-level context aggregation and attention mechanism method for photovoltaic panel extraction from high resolution remote sensing images
10.1080/01431161.2024.2347527 ↗61. Malof, J.M., Collins, L.M., Bradbury, K., and Newell, R.G. (2016, January 20–23). A deep convolutional neural network and a random forest classifier for solar photovoltaic array detection in aerial imagery. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Birmingham, UK.
10.1109/ICRERA.2016.7884415 ↗62. Yuan, J., Yang, H.-H.L., Omitaomu, O.A., and Bhaduri, B.L. (2016, January 5–8). Large-scale solar panel mapping from aerial images using deep convolutional networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Washington, DC, USA.
10.1109/BigData.2016.7840915 ↗63. Automatic Boundary Extraction of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Plants Using a Fully Convolutional Network on Aerial Imagery
10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.2992339 ↗65. Li, L., Lu, N., Jiang, H., and Qin, J. (2023). Impact of Deep Convolutional Neural Network Structure on Photovoltaic Array Extraction from High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Images. Remote Sens., 15.
10.3390/rs15184554 ↗66. PVNet: A novel semantic segmentation model for extracting high-quality photovoltaic panels in large-scale systems from high-resolution remote sensing imagery
68. The automatic segmentation of residential solar panels based on satellite images: A cross learning driven U-Net method
10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106283 ↗69. Optimal installation and operation planning of parking spaces for solar-powered electric vehicles using hemispherical images
10.1016/j.renene.2023.119444 ↗70. Rapid mapping and spatial analysis on the distribution of photovoltaic power stations with Sentinel-1&2 images in Chinese coastal provinces
72. Zech, M., and Ranalli, J. (2020, January 15–21). Predicting PV Areas in Aerial Images with Deep Learning. Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Online.
10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300636 ↗73. (2025, August 04). Available online: https://getsolar.ai/blog/machine-learning-rooftop-detection-solar-installations/.
74. Krapf, S., Bogenrieder, L., Netzler, F., Balke, G., and Lienkamp, M. (2022). RID—Roof Information Dataset for Computer Vision-Based Photovoltaic Potential Assessment. Remote Sens., 14.
10.3390/rs14102299 ↗75. Georeferencing of photovoltaic modules from aerial infrared videos using structure-from-motion
10.1002/pip.3564 ↗76. Kleebauer, M., Horst, D., and Reudenbach, C. (2021). Semi-Automatic Generation of Training Samples for Detecting Renewable Energy Plants in High-Resolution Aerial Images. Remote Sens., 13.
10.3390/rs13234793 ↗78. Deep Roof Refiner: A detail-oriented deep learning network for refined delineation of roof structure lines using satellite imagery
79. Understanding rooftop PV panel semantic segmentation of satellite and aerial images for better using machine learning
10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100057 ↗83. Mapping of decentralised photovoltaic and solar thermal systems by remote sensing aerial imagery and deep machine learning for statistic generation
10.1016/j.egyai.2023.100300 ↗84. PV Identifier: Extraction of small-scale distributed photovoltaics in complex environments from high spatial resolution remote sensing images
10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123311 ↗87. Deep solar PV refiner: A detail-oriented deep learning network for refined segmentation of photovoltaic areas from satellite imagery
89. High-resolution mapping of water photovoltaic development in China through satellite imagery
90. Braid, J.L., Riley, D., Pearce, J.M., and Burnham, L. (August, January 15). Image Analysis Method for Quantifying Snow Losses on PV Systems. Proceedings of the 2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Calgary, AB, Canada.
10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300373 ↗92. Sawant, M., Shende, M.K., Feijóo-Lorenzo, A.E., and Bokde, N.D. (2021). The State-of-the-Art Progress in Cloud Detection, Identification, and Tracking Approaches: A Systematic Review. Energies, 14.
10.3390/en14238119 ↗98. Brox, T., Bruhn, A., and Fritz, M. (2019). KloudNet: Deep Learning for Sky Image Analysis and Irradiance Forecasting. Pattern Recognition, Springer. GCPR 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
10.1007/978-3-030-12939-2 ↗100. Short-term solar PV forecasting using computer vision: The search for optimal CNN architectures for incorporating sky images and PV generation history
10.1063/1.5122796 ↗