Nanostructured Magnetite Coated with BiOI Semiconductor: Readiness Level in Advanced Solar Photocatalytic Applications for the Remediation of Phenolic Compounds in Wastewater from the Wine and Pisco Industry
Source abstract
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an advanced, efficient oxidation process that uses solar energy to be sustainable and low-cost compared to conventional wastewater treatments. This study synthesized BiOI/Fe3O4 using the solvothermal technique, evaluating stoichiometric ratios of Bi/Fe (2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 7:1) under simulated solar irradiation to optimize the degradation of caffeic acid, a pollutant found in wastewater from the wine and pisco industry. The nanomaterial with a 5:1 ratio (BF-5) was the most effective, achieving a degradation of 77.2% in 180 min. Characterization by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) showed that BF-5 has a porous three-dimensional structure with BiOI nanosheets coating the Fe3O4 surface, while retaining the pristine BiOI properties. The magnetite provided magnetic properties that facilitated the recovery of the photocatalyst, reaching 89.4% recovery. These findings highlight the potential of BF-5 as an efficient and recoverable photocatalyst for industrial applications. The technical, economic, and environmental feasibility were also evaluated at the technological readiness level (TRL) to project solar photocatalysis in real applications.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · Pigment Synthesis and Properties · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Water Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Zones of Latin America and the Caribbean, CAZALAC, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Andrés Bello Campus, University of La Serena, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Escuela de Prevención de Riesgos y Medioambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
Funding
Fondo de Innovación para la Competitividad (FIC) · National Research and Development Agency of Chile (ANID-Chile) National Doctoral Scholarship 2022
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Gallegos-Alcaíno, A., Robles-Araya, N., Avalos, C., Alfonso-Alvarez, A., Rodríguez, C.A., Valdés, H., Sánchez-Flores, N.A., Durán-Alvarez, J.C., Bizarro, M., and Romero-Salguero, F.J. (2022). Synthesis of BiOI/Mordenite Composites for Photocatalytic Treatment of Organic Pollutants Present in Agro-Industrial Wastewater. Nanomaterials, 12.10.3390/nano12071161 ↗
2. Wines of Chile (2024, August 04). Memoria Anual Vinos de Chile. Available online: https://www.winesofchile.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MEMORIA-FINAL-EF.pdf.
3. Adriana Valenzuela Palma (2024). Antecedentes de Producción y Comercio del Pisco Chileno, Oficina de Estudios y Política Agraria (ODEPA)- Ministerio de Agricultura, Gobierno de Chile. Available online: https://bibliotecadigital.odepa.gob.cl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12650/73529/Produccion-y-Comercio_del_PiscoChileno.pdf.
4. Adriana Valenzuela Palma (2024). Boletín del Vino: Producción, Precios y Comercio Exterior, Oficina de Estudios y Política Agraria (ODEPA)- Ministerio de Agricultura, Gobierno de Chile. Available online: https://bibliotecadigital.odepa.gob.cl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12650/73301/BVino042024.pdf.
5. Technical and economical assessment of the treatment of vinasse from Pisco production using the advanced oxidation process10.1007/s11356-023-27390-7 ↗
6. High-retention membrane bioreactors for sugarcane vinasse treatment: Opportunities for environmental impact reduction and wastewater valorization10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117001 ↗
7. Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration for the valorization of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides from winery wastewaters10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101565 ↗
8. A review of technologies for the phenolic compounds recovery and phenol removal from wastewater10.1016/j.psep.2021.05.015 ↗
9. Properties of polyphenols and polyphenol-containing wastewaters and their treatment by Fenton/Fenton-like reactions10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123905 ↗
10. Improved adsorption properties of a nano zeolite adsorbent toward toxic nitrophenols10.1016/j.psep.2016.08.018 ↗
11. Homogeneous and heterogeneous degradation of caffeic acid using photocatalysis driven by UVA and solar light10.1080/10934529.2015.1086211 ↗
12. Reactive species in advanced oxidation processes: Formation, identification and reaction mechanism10.1016/j.cej.2020.126158 ↗
13. Combination of coagulation-flocculation and heterogeneous photocatalysis for improving the removal of humic substances in real treated water from Agbô River (Ivory-Coast)10.1016/j.cattod.2016.09.024 ↗
14. Noble metal-doped graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst for enhancement photocatalytic decomposition of antibiotic pollutant in wastewater under visible light10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100954 ↗
15. Historical development and prospects of photocatalysts for pollutant removal in water10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122599 ↗
16. A review of visible light-active photocatalysts for water disinfection: Features and prospects10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.071 ↗
17. Fabrication and characterization of ternary sepiolite/g-C3N4/Pd composites for improvement of photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.064 ↗
18. Promotion of phenol photodegradation based on novel self-assembled magnetic bismuth oxyiodide core-shell microspheres10.1039/C7RA06116A ↗
19. Facile preparation of novel Fe2O3/BiOI hybrid nanostructures for efficient visible light photocatalysis10.1007/s10853-017-1813-z ↗
20. Core/shell Fe3O4/BiOI nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity and stability10.1007/s11051-016-3636-2 ↗
21. A novel 3D hollow magnetic Fe3O4/BiOI heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic performance for bisphenol A degradation10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.032 ↗
22. Heterogeneous activation of persulfate for Rhodamine B degradation with 3D flower sphere-like BiOI/Fe3O4 microspheres under visible light irradiation10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.045 ↗
23. Solvothermal synthesis and characterization of cobalt blue pigment10.1016/j.jssc.2023.123977 ↗
24. Facile solvothermal synthesis of Exfoliated-Corrugated g-C3N4@BiOBr heterojunction for fast visible light Photocatalyst: A structural and optical study10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.158506 ↗
25. One-pot solvothermal synthesis of highly dispersed, morphology- and crystal structure-tunable copper-manganese oxide for catalytic combustion of toluene at low temperatures10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106947 ↗
26. A highly efficient visible-light-driven novel p-n junction Fe2O3/BiOI photocatalyst: Surface decoration of BiOI nanosheets with Fe2O3 nanoparticles10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.166 ↗
27. Synthesis, characterization of BiOI/rGO nanocomposite and its photocatalytic functionality analysis under visible light10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110545 ↗
28. Green magnetite nanostructure for removing organic pollutants from water10.1016/j.mseb.2023.116634 ↗
29. Epelle, E.I., Okoye, P.U., Roddy, S., Gunes, B., and Okolie, J.A. (2022). Advances in the Applications of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment. Environments, 9.10.3390/environments9110141 ↗
30. Optical and hydrodynamic performance of photocatalytic monoliths of different shapes in a solar photoreactor with compound parabolic collector10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114498 ↗
31. Younis, S.A., and Kim, K.H. (2020). Heterogeneous photocatalysis scalability for environmental remediation: Opportunities and challenges. Catalysts, 10.10.3390/catal10101109 ↗
32. Bioelectrochemical systems and their readiness for commercialisation10.1016/j.coelec.2024.101540 ↗
33. Carbon capture technologies: A review on technology readiness level10.1016/j.fuel.2024.130898 ↗
34. Synergy of visible-light responsive photocatalytic materials and device engineering for energy and environment: Minireview on hydrogen production and water decontamination10.1016/j.mtcata.2024.100040 ↗
35. Devi, M., Praharaj, S., and Rout, D. (2022). Industrial problems and solution towards visible light photocatalysis. Nanostructured Materials for Visible Light Photocatalysis, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-12-823018-3.00018-X ↗
36. A regularly combined magnetic 3D hierarchical Fe3O4/BiOBr heterostructure: Fabrication, visible-light photocatalytic activity and degradation mechanism10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.028 ↗
37. Construction of novel BiOI/CuInS2/ZnO dual S-scheme charge transfer pathway for efficient antibiotic degradation10.1016/j.jpcs.2024.112132 ↗
38. A critical review on application of photocatalysis for toxicity reduction of real wastewaters10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120694 ↗
39. Solar-powered photocatalysis in water purification: Applications and commercialization challenges10.1016/j.jece.2024.113073 ↗
40. World Bank Group (2024, August 26). Solargis. ESMAP: Global Solar Atlas, Available online: https://globalsolaratlas.info/map?s=-29.905867,-71.251772&m=site&c=-29.905867,-71.251772,11.
41. Magnetically recyclable flake-like BiOI-Fe3O4 microswimmers for fast and efficient degradation of microplastics10.1016/j.jece.2022.108275 ↗
42. Mechanism insights into the enhanced photocatatlytic peroxydisulfate activation by Fe3O4/BiOI heterojunction10.1016/j.mseb.2023.116509 ↗
43. Enhanced photodegradation of doxycycline (DOX) in the sustainable NiFe2O4/MWCNTs/BiOI system under UV light irradiation10.1016/j.envres.2021.111264 ↗
44. A magnetic separable 3D hierarchical BiOI/rGO/Fe3O4 catalyst for degradation of Rhodamine B under visible light: Kinetic studies and mechanism of degradation10.1016/j.mseb.2021.115576 ↗
45. Nanocomposites of polyethylene with Fe3O4 nanoparticles via surface-initiated ROMP: Thermomechanical, shape memory and photothermal properties10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107923 ↗
46. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by nanocomposites prepared by laser ablation of Bi on CNT-α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108430 ↗
47. Facet-Dependent Catalytic Activity of Nanosheet-Assembled Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres in Degradation of Bisphenol A10.1021/acs.est.5b00626 ↗
48. Siciliano, G., Monteduro, A.G., Turco, A., Primiceri, E., Rizzato, S., Depalo, N., Curri, M.L., and Maruccio, G. (2022). Polydopamine-Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: From Design to Applications. Nanomaterials, 12.10.3390/nano12071145 ↗
49. Facile Synthesis of Fe3O4@BiOI Core/Shell Nanostructures by Magnetic-Assisted Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction for Catalytic Application10.1166/jnn.2017.14007 ↗
50. Synthesis of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) by means of microwaves in glycerol with high photocatalytic activity for the elimination of NOx and SO210.1007/s11164-019-03998-8 ↗
51. Sequestration of Cd (II) utilizing biowaste-fabricated recyclable mesoporous magnetite (Fe3O4) nano-adsorbent: Process optimization, thermodynamic investigation, simulation modeling, and feasibility for electroplating effluent10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174088 ↗
52. Photocatalytic activity of hollow mesoporous SiO2-BiOI/CQDs photocatalyst under visible light10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124028 ↗
53. Synthesis flower-like BiVO4/BiOI core/shell heterostructure photocatalyst for tetracycline degradation under visible-light irradiation10.1007/s10854-019-01261-9 ↗
54. Green and controllable synthesis of one-dimensional Bi2O3/BiOI heterojunction for highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127210 ↗
55. A visible-light driven Bi2S3@ZIF-8 core–shell heterostructure and synergistic photocatalysis mechanism10.1039/C7DT03256K ↗
56. A facile method for Tauc exponent and corresponding electronic transitions determination in semiconductors directly from UV–Vis spectroscopy data10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112205 ↗
57. Temperature-dependent tuning of band gap of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for optoelectronic applications10.1016/j.cplett.2024.141139 ↗
58. Chemically bonded CdBiO2Br/BiOI heterojunction with strong interfacial electric field for enhanced photocatalysis10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.160869 ↗
59. Engineering of Bi2O3-BiOI 2D/2D S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic organic hazards removal10.1016/j.seppur.2024.129136 ↗
60. Synthesis of biomass-based BiOI@Hydrochar heterogeneous catalyst and investigation of its activity in sonocatalytic process10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100625 ↗
61. Enhancement in photoluminescence performance of carbon-based Fe3O4@ZnO–C nanocomposites10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.111935 ↗
62. Hybrid nanocomposites of Fe3O4/SiO2-EDTA: Holistic comparison of one-step and two-step modification methods10.1016/j.powtec.2024.120046 ↗
63. Microbially synthesised Zn@Fe3O4(M) and Zn@Fe3O4(ME) nanocomposites for textile effluent: Central composite design optimisation and kinetic modelling10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104058 ↗
64. Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4/BiOI n-p heterojunction magnetic photocatalysts10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.05.217 ↗
65. Sustainable closed-loop supply chain network for an integrated water supply and wastewater collection system under uncertainty10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111277 ↗
66. Towards carbon neutrality and water sustainability: An integrated anaerobic fixed-film MBR-reverse osmosis-chlorination process for municipal wastewater reclamation10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132060 ↗
67. Mapping water ecosystem services: Evaluating InVEST model predictions in data scarce regions10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.104982 ↗
68. Floating photovoltaic in Chile: Potential for clean energy generation and water protection
69. Regional Water Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Zones in Latin America and the Caribbean (CAZALAC), Corporación Regional de Desarrollo Productivo (CRDP-Región de Coquimbo), and Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo (GORE-Coquimbo) (2024, September 01). Estrategia Regional de Recursos Hídricos por Cuenca, 2014–2030. Available online: https://www.cazalac.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Estrategia-Regional-de-Recursos-Hidricos.pdf.
70. Performance and treatment assessment of a pilot-scale decentralized greywater reuse system in rural schools of north-central Chile10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106460 ↗
71. Orrego, C., Muñoz, C., Caballero, T., Salinas, P., Maldonado, P., Molina, P., Zavala, M., Velasco, C., Guerrero, J., and Guggiana, C. (2024, September 06). Boletín Climático CEAZA. Available online: https://boletin.ceazamet.cl/images/boletin/boletin.ceazamet.2024.08.pdf.
72. An LCA framework to assess environmental efficiency of water reuse: Application to contrasted locations for wastewater reuse in agriculture10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128151 ↗
73. Techno-economic comparison of two hydroxyl and sulfate radicals based advanced oxidation process for enhancing biodegradability of pulp and paper mill wastewater10.1016/j.ces.2024.120095 ↗
74. BOD/COD ratio as a probing index in the O/H/O process for coking wastewater treatment10.1016/j.cej.2023.143257 ↗
75. Bendeif, S., Kadi, K., Arhab, R., Ziegler-Devin, I., Brosse, N., and Addad, D. (2023). HPAEC-PAD, biochemical characterization, and evaluation of the antioxidants activities of polysaccharides extracted from Olive Mill Wastewater of two endemic varieties of Khenchela region, Algeria. Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre, 30.10.1016/j.bcdf.2023.100363 ↗
76. Rice, E.W., Bridgewater, L., and American Public Health Association (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association.
77. Heterogeneous photocatalysis of moxifloxacin at a pilot solar compound parabolic collector: Elimination of the genotoxicity10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113296 ↗
78. Techno-economic assessment of integrated photochemical AOPs for sustainable treatment of textile and dyeing wastewater10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104302 ↗
79. Circular economy in biorefineries: Scale-up of anaerobic/aerobic membrane bioreactors for vinasse recycling10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134448 ↗
80. Influence of COD/SO42− ratio on vinasse treatment performance by two-stage anaerobic membrane bioreactor10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110034 ↗
81. Integrated membrane-based processes to obtain organo-mineral fertilizer, water, and energy from sugarcane vinasse10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122180 ↗
82. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor for the treatment of high-strength waste/wastewater: A critical review and update10.1016/j.cej.2023.144322 ↗
83. Ngulube, K.F., Abdelhaleem, A., Osman, A.I., Peng, L., and Nasr, M. (2024). Advancing sustainable water treatment strategies: Harnessing magnetite-based photocatalysts and techno-economic analysis for enhanced wastewater management in the context of SDGs. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1–37.10.1007/s11356-024-32680-9 ↗
84. Biofuel production, hydrogen production and water remediation by photocatalysis, biocatalysis and electrocatalysis10.1007/s10311-023-01581-7 ↗
85. Insight on water remediation application using magnetic nanomaterials and biosorbents10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213096 ↗
86. Solar photo-oxidation of recalcitrant industrial wastewater: A review10.1007/s10311-022-01390-4 ↗
87. The health benefits of solar power generation: Evidence from Chile10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102999 ↗
88. Dynamic concentration factor: A novel parameter for the rigorous evaluation of solar compound parabolic collectors10.1016/j.cej.2022.135360 ↗
89. Advancements in the photocatalytic activity of various bismuth-based semiconductor/Ti3C2 MXene interfaces for sustainable environmental management: A review10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.013 ↗
90. Synthesis and properties of semiconductor bismuth sulfide iodide for photoelectrochemical applications10.1016/j.jscs.2023.101694 ↗
91. Preparation of Fe3O4/TiO2 magnetic photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of phenol10.1007/s10854-018-8832-7 ↗
92. Enhanced Photocatalytic Removal of Uranium (VI) from Aqueous Solution by Magnetic TiO2/Fe3O4 and Its Graphene Composite10.1021/acs.est.6b05313 ↗
93. Phytotoxicological effects of engineered nanoparticles: An emerging nanotoxicology10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149809 ↗
94. Liu, M., Ye, Y., Ye, J., Gao, T., Wang, D., Chen, G., and Song, Z. (2023). Recent Advances of Magnetite (Fe3O4)-Based Magnetic Materials in Catalytic Applications. Magnetochemistry, 9.10.3390/magnetochemistry9040110 ↗
95. Bondarenko, L., Kahru, A., Terekhova, V., Dzhardimalieva, G., Uchanov, P., and Kydralieva, K. (2020). Effects of Humic Acids on the Ecotoxicity of FeFe3O4 Nanoparticles and Fe-Ions: Impact of Oxidation and Aging. Nanomaterials, 10.10.3390/nano10102011 ↗
96. Bismuth oxyhalides: Recent progress and its applications in photocatalysis, hydrogen production, antibacterial studies, and sensors10.1016/j.mssp.2023.107547 ↗
97. Suzuki, H., and Matano, Y. (2001). Introduction. Organobismuth Chemistry, Elsevier.
98. EPA (2024, August 04). United States Enviromental Protection Agency, Available online: https://www.epa.gov/.
99. EPA (2024, August 26). RCRA 94-580 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Available online: https://www.epa.gov/rcra.
100. (2024, August 26). 2008/98/EC. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives. Available online: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/98/oj.