Multi-Objective Optimization for Winter Heating Retrofit in Rural Houses of Cold Regions: A Case Study in the Wusu Area

In regions of China experiencing severe cold, the duration of the winter heating season significantly contributes to elevated heating energy consumption in rural dwellings. This study focuses on typical brick-and-concrete rural homes in the Wusu area. Utilizing the Rhino–Grasshopper parametric modeling platform, it aims to minimize heating-related carbon emissions and the overall costs associated with retrofitting. The approach involves improving the insulation properties of the building envelope to reduce energy requirements. Additionally, the study incorporates solar photovoltaic systems atop rural homes, building upon low-carbon, passive, energy-efficient design principles. By examining the influence of various factors on rural housing energy consumption, the research employs the entropy weight method to identify the most effective design solutions. The goal is to explore strategies for the energy-efficient retrofitting of rural dwellings in areas faced with harsh winter conditions, aligning with the objectives and preferences of Applied Sciences. The simulation results reveal the following: (1). In comparison with the baseline scenario, 42.2% of the optimized solutions within the Pareto frontier satisfy the current standards for 75% energy savings in energy-efficient residential design. (2). The lowest recorded thermal consumption index for the buildings can reach 12.427 W/m2, at which point the rate of energy savings is elevated to 79.5%. (3). Within the solutions identified by the Pareto frontier, 80% exhibit initial investments that are lower than the cost savings over the lifecycle due to reduced energy consumption (dCg < 0), demonstrating the economic feasibility of the proposed retrofitting strategies.