Load Frequency Control of Renewable Energy Power Systems Based on Adaptive Global Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control
Source abstract
Abstract
In this paper, the load frequency control (LFC) of multi-area power systems incorporating photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems (ESSs) is studied. First, the model of the LFC system encompassing PV and ESS is established. Then, a novel LFC scheme based on adaptive global fast terminal sliding mode control (AGFTSMC) is proposed. To make the system robust globally, an adaptive sliding mode control law and a new type of global fast terminal sliding mode surface containing a nonlinear time-varying function are designed. Moreover, by utilizing the improved Lyapunov function, the stability of the system is analyzed. Finally, two simulation experiments incorporating the two-area LFC system and IEEE 39-bus test power system are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results show that adopting the AGFTSMC can significantly reduce steady-state error and stabilization time. This makes it a promising solution for maintaining frequency stability.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Frequency Control in Power Systems · Microgrid Control and Optimization · Power System Optimization and Stability
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Technology), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Funding
Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China · Fundamental Research Funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University · General Projects of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education
References (40)
Show source-provided references
1. Review and prospect of toward 100% renewable energy power systems
2. Robust LFC in a smart grid with wind power penetration by coordinated V2G control and frequency controller10.1109/TSG.2013.2264921 ↗
3. Solution of power flow with automatic load frequency control devices including wind farms10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2195231 ↗
4. Characteristic analysis and quantification of common mode frequency in power systems with high penetration of renewable resources
5. Utilizing diverse mix of energy storage for LFC performance enhancement of a microgrid: A novel MPC approach10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120639 ↗
6. Load frequency control based on an improved Chimp optimization algorithm using adaptive weight strategy10.1108/COMPEL-07-2021-0231 ↗
7. Predictive voltage hierarchical controller design for islanded microgrids under limited communication10.1109/TCSI.2021.3117048 ↗
8. Huang, B., and Wang, C. (2016, January 25–28). Value assessment of energy storage to support large scale PV integration. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Xi’an, China.
9. Sahu, A., and Prasad, L.B. (2017, January 17–19). Load frequency control of interconnected five-area power system with PID controller. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information, Communication, Instrumentation and Control (ICICIC), Indore, India.10.1109/ICOMICON.2017.8279069 ↗
10. Biomimicry of bacterial foraging for distributed optimization and control10.1109/MCS.2002.1004010 ↗
11. Satish, R., PavanKumar, G., and Murali, V. (2011, January 23–24). Design of PI controllers by using bacterial foraging strategy to control frequency for distributed generation. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology, Chunkankadai, India.10.1109/ICETECT.2011.5760099 ↗
12. Load frequency control in interconnected microgrids using Hybrid PSO-GWO based PI-PD controller10.1007/s13198-024-02417-5 ↗
13. Wu, D., Guo, F., Yao, Z., Zhu, D., Zhang, Z., Li, L., Du, X., and Zhang, J. (2024). Enhancing Reliability and Performance of Load Frequency Control in Aging Multi-Area Power Systems under Cyber-Attacks. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14198631 ↗
14. Dao, H., Van, N.N., Dat, N.C., and Van, H.P. (2025). Improving Frequency Control of Multi-Area Interconnected Hydro-Thermal Power System Using PSO Algorithm. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app15062898 ↗
15. Kouba, N.E.Y., Menaa, M., Hasni, M., Boussahoua, B., and Boudour, M. (2014, January 11–14). Optimal load frequency control based on hybrid bacterial foraging and particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the IEEE 11th International Multi-Conference on Systems Signals Devices, Castelldefels-Barcelona, Spain.
16. Gopi, P., Alluraiah, N.C., Kumar, P.H., Bajaj, M., and Blazek, V. (2024). Improving load frequency controller tuning with rat swarm optimization and porpoising feature detection for enhanced power system stability. Sci. Rep., 14.10.1038/s41598-024-66007-y ↗
17. Deep deterministic policy gradient reinforcement learning based adaptive PID load frequency control of an AC Micro-Grid10.1109/ICJECE.2024.3353670 ↗
18. Davidson, R.A., and Ushakumari, S. (2016, January 3–5). H-infinity loop shaping controller for load frequency control of a deregulated power system. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT 2016), Chennai, India.10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7755079 ↗
19. Fuzzy control of distributed PV inverters energy storage systems electric vehicles for frequency regulation in a large power system10.1109/TSG.2012.2237044 ↗
20. Distributed MPC strategies with application to power system automatic generation control10.1109/TCST.2008.919414 ↗
21. Alhejji, A. (2017, January 5–7). L1 adaptive load frequency control of single-area electrical power system. Proceedings of the 2017 4th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT), Barcelona, Spain.10.1109/CoDIT.2017.8102659 ↗
22. Neural network-based adaptive pid controller design for over-frequency control in microgrid using honey badger algorithm10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3367288 ↗
23. Sliding surface design for sliding mode load frequency control of multiarea multisource power system10.1109/TII.2024.3359445 ↗
24. Huynh, V.V., Minh, B.L., Amaefule, E., Tran, A., Tran, P.T., Phan, V.D., Pham, V.T., and Nguyen, T.M. (2021). Load Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power Plants with Integrated Wind Resources. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11073051 ↗
25. Sliding mode without reaching phase design for automatic load frequency control of multi-time delays power system10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3441092 ↗
26. Mondai, R., and Rahman, M.M. (2017, January 6–7). Dynamic analysis of variable structure based sliding mode intelligent load frequency control of interconnected nonlinear conventional and renewable power system. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), Kerala, India.10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342596 ↗
27. An, B., Wang, Y., Liu, L., and Hou, Z. (2018, January 2–4). An intelligent terminal sliding mode control algorithm with chattering reduction based on particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the 2018 10th International Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control (ICMIC), Guiyang, China.10.1109/ICMIC.2018.8529871 ↗
28. Babes, B., Boutaghane, A., Hamouda, N., and Mezaache, M. (2019, January 19–21). Design of a robust voltage controller for a DC-DC buck converter using fractional-order terminal sliding mode control strategy. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Advanced Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Algiers, Algeria.10.1109/ICAEE47123.2019.9014788 ↗
29. Yu, S.H., Yu, X.H., and Man, Z.H. (2000, January 12–15). Robust global terminal sliding mode control of SISO nonlinear uncertain systems. Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Sydney, Australia.
30. Event-triggered load frequency control for multi-area power systems based on markov model: A global sliding mode control approach10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0186 ↗
31. Parametric damping of microgrid frequency fluctuations at synchronous machines with using Lyapunov theory for exciter regulation
32. Novel efficient deep reinforcement learning-based load frequency control for isolated microgrid10.1063/5.0240774 ↗
33. Event-triggered data-driven distributed LFC using controller-dynamic-linearization method
34. Multi-event collaborative triggering mechanism based distributed robust fault-tolerant load frequency control for offshore wind power systems10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121424 ↗
35. H∞ optimal load frequency control of power system: A novel model-free approach
36. Havrlík, M., Libra, M., Poulek, V., and Kourím, P. (2022). Analysis of output signal distortion of galvanic isolation circuits for monitoring the mains voltage waveform. Sensors, 22.10.3390/s22207769 ↗
37. El-Hameed, M.A., Saeed, M., Kabbani, A., and Abd, E. (2025). Efficient load frequency controller for a power system comprising renewable resources based on deep reinforcement learning. Sci. Rep., 15.10.1038/s41598-025-03310-2 ↗
38. Singh, A., Yadav, S., Tiwari, N., Nishad, D.K., and Khalid, S. (2025). Optimized PID controller and model order reduction of reheated turbine for load frequency control using teaching learning-based optimization. Sci. Rep., 15.10.1038/s41598-025-87866-z ↗
39. Load frequency control in renewable based micro grid with deep neural network based controller10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103554 ↗
40. Load frequency coordinated optimization control of hybrid power generation system consisted of PV, thermal power, and energy storage