Hardware in the Loop Platform for Testing Photovoltaic System Control
Source abstract
Abstract
The hardware in the loop (HIL) technique allows you to reproduce the behavior of a dynamic system or part of it in real time. This quality makes HIL a useful tool in the controller validation process and is widely used in multiple areas including photovoltaic systems (PVSs). This study presents the development of an HIL system to emulate the behavior of a PVS that includes a photovoltaic panel (PVP) and a DC-DC boost converter connected in series. The emulator was embedded into an NI-myRIO development board that operates with an integration time of 10 µs and reproduces the behavior of the real system with a mean percent error of 2.0478%, compared to simulation results. The implemented emulator is proposed as a platform for the validation of control systems. With it, the experimental stage is carried out on two controllers connected to the PVS without having the real system and allowing to emulate different operating conditions. The first controller is based on the Hill Climbing algorithm for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the second is a proportional integral (PI) controller for voltage control. Both controllers generate settling times of less than 3 s; the MPPT controller generates variations in the output in steady state inherent to the algorithm used. For both cases, the comparison of the experimental results with those obtained through software simulation show that the platform fulfills its usefulness when evaluating control systems.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques · Real-time simulation and control systems · solar cell performance optimization
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico
Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico
References (60)
Show source-provided references
1. UNFCCC (2015). Adoption of the Paris Agreement, Conference of the Parties, Twenty-First Session FCCC/CP/2015/L.9, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
2. IPCC (2016). Global Warming of 1.5 °C. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC.
3. International Renewable Energy Agency (2018). Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050, International Renewable Energy Agency. Available online: www.irena.org/publications.
4. Energy systems for climate change mitigation: A systematic review10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114602 ↗
5. An improved P&O algorithm integrated with artificial bee colony for photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions10.1016/j.solener.2018.12.008 ↗
6. Design, simulation, and hardware implementation of novel optimum operating point tracker of PV system using adaptive step size10.1007/s00170-018-2977-7 ↗
7. Performance enhancement of solar PV systems applying P&O assisted Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA)10.1016/j.solener.2020.02.019 ↗
8. Takruri, M., Farhat, M., Barambones, O., Ramos-Hernanz, J.A., Turkieh, M.J., Badawi, M., Alzoubi, H., and Sakur, M.A. (2020). Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV System Based on Machine Learning. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13030692 ↗
9. Tobón, A., Peláez-Restrepo, J., Montano, J., Florez, M.D., Herrera, J., and Ibeas, A. (2020). MPPT of a Photovoltaic Panels Array with Partial Shading Using the IPSM with Implementation Both in Simulation as in Hardware. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13040815 ↗
10. Hadji, S., Gaubert, J.-P., and Krim, F. (2018). Real-Time Genetic Algorithms-Based MPPT: Study and Comparison (Theoretical an Experimental) with Conventional Methods. Energies, 11.10.3390/en11020459 ↗
11. Macaulay, J., and Zhou, Z. (2018). A Fuzzy Logical-Based Variable Step Size P&O MPPT Algorithm for Photovoltaic System. Energies, 11.10.3390/en11061340 ↗
12. Design and implementation of reconfigurable MPPT fuzzy controller for photovoltaic systems10.1016/j.asej.2019.10.002 ↗
13. Optimization of fuzzy-based MPPT controller via metaheuristic techniques for stand-alone PV systems10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.08.037 ↗
14. FPGA based implementation of MPPT algorithms for photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103011 ↗
15. Analysis on solar PV emulators: A review10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.039 ↗
16. A comprehensive review on photovoltaic emulator10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.217 ↗
17. Moussa, I., Khedher, A., and Bouallegue, A. (2019). Design of a Low-Cost PV Emulator Applied for PVECS. Electronics, 8.10.3390/electronics8020232 ↗
18. Closed Loop Control of Photo Voltaic Emulator Using Fractional Calculus10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2971676 ↗
19. Joshi, D., and Sharma, S. (2019). PV Emulator Modeling and Design Using Buck Converter. En Applications of Computing, Automation and Wireless Systems in Electrical Engineering, Springer.10.1007/978-981-13-6772-4_55 ↗
20. Photovoltaic emulator based on PV simulator RT implementation using XSG tools for an FPGA control: Theory and experimentation10.1002/2050-7038.12024 ↗
21. A novel photovoltaic emulator based on current-resistor model using binary search computation10.1016/j.solener.2017.12.005 ↗
22. Programmable DC Power Supply based Solar PV Module Emulator using LabVIEW and Multisim
23. Ulaganathan, M., and Devaraj, D. (2019, January 11–13). Hardware and Software Co-emulation Technique based Solar Photovoltaic Sources Emulator. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Techniques in Control, Optimization and Signal Processing (INCOS), Tamilnadu, India.10.1109/INCOS45849.2019.8951330 ↗
24. Merenda, M., Iero, D., Carotenuto, R., and Della Corte, F.G. (2019). Simple and Low-Cost Photovoltaic Module Emulator. Electronics, 8.10.3390/electronics8121445 ↗
25. Ebe, F., Idlbi, B., Stakic, D., Chen, S., Kondzialka, C., Casel, M., Heilscher, G., Seitl, C., Bründlinger, R., and Strasser, T.I. (2018). Comparison of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Approaches for the Testing of Smart Grid Controls. Energies, 11.10.3390/en11123381 ↗
26. Low-Cost Hardware-in-the-Loop Platform for Embedded Control Strategies Simulation10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2934420 ↗
27. Syed, M.H., Guillo-Sansano, E., Wang, Y., Vogel, S., Palensky, P., Burt, G.M., Xu, Y., Monti, A., and Hovsapian, R. (2020). Real-Time Coupling of Geographically Distributed Research Infrastructures: Taxonomy, Overview and Real-World Smart Grid Applications. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 1.10.1109/TSG.2020.3033070 ↗
28. Banshee distribution network benchmark and prototyping platform for hardware-in-the-loop integration of microgrid and device controllers
29. Estrada, L., Vázquez, N., Vaquero, J., De Castro, A., and Arau, J. (2020). Real-Time Hardware in the Loop Simulation Methodology for Power Converters Using LabVIEW FPGA. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13020373 ↗
30. Hardware-in-the-Loop test automation of embedded systems for agricultural tractors10.1016/j.measurement.2018.10.014 ↗
31. An automated FPGA real-time simulator for power electronics and power systems electromagnetic transient applications10.1016/j.epsr.2016.07.022 ↗
32. Renaux, P.B., Linhares, R.R., and Renaux, D.P.B. (2017, January 6–10). Douglas Paulo Bertrand. Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Low-Cost Platform. Proceedings of the 2017 VII Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering (SBESC), Curitiba, Brazil.10.1109/SBESC.2017.30 ↗
33. Evaluating connected and autonomous vehicles using a hardware-in-the-loop testbed and a living lab10.1016/j.trc.2019.03.010 ↗
34. Dang, D., Gao, F., and Hu, Q. (2020). Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles Considering Longitudinal and Lateral Dynamics Coupling. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10093180 ↗
35. Zhao, K., Wang, C., Xiao, G., Li, H., Ye, J., and Liu, Y. (2020). Research for Nonlinear Model Predictive Controls to Laterally Control Unmanned Vehicle Trajectory Tracking. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10176034 ↗
36. A Hardware-in-the-Loop Realization of a Robust Discrete-Time Current Control of PMa-SynRM for Aerospace Vehicle Applications10.1109/JESTPE.2018.2890592 ↗
37. Zhang, Y., Huang, P., and Yang, H. (2019, January 11–14). Hardware-in-the-Loop Real-time Simulation for Speed-Sensorless Vector Control of High-Power Induction Motor. Proceedings of the 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China.10.1109/ICEMS.2019.8922220 ↗
38. Hsieh, M.-F., and Weng, Y.-C. (2020). A Low Torque Ripple Direct Torque Control Method for Interior Permanent Magnet Motor. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10051723 ↗
39. Hardware-in-the-loop performance analysis of a railway traction system under sensor faults
40. Inverter-Based Voltage Control of Distribution Networks: A Three-Level Coordinated Method and Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Validation10.1109/TSTE.2019.2957010 ↗
41. A Distributed Control Scheme of Microgrids in Energy Internet Paradigm and Its Multisite Implementation10.1109/TII.2020.2976830 ↗
42. Palahalli, H., Huo, Y., and Gruosso, G. (2018, January 20–22). Real Time Simulation of Photovoltaic System Using Fpga. Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), Amalfi, Italy.10.1109/SPEEDAM.2018.8445288 ↗
43. Zhang, X., Dong, W., Gan, J., and Yao, G. (2018, January 20–22). Hardware in Loop Simulation Test of Photovoltaic Virtual Synchronous Generator. Proceedings of the 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2), Beijing, China.
44. Investigation of a cascaded H-bridge photovoltaic inverter under non-uniform insolation conditions by hardware-in-the-loop test10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.08.017 ↗
45. Doosthosseini, M., Mishra, P.P., and Fathy, H.K. (2019, January 10–12). Hardware-in-the-Loop Testbed Development for Validating Novel Photovoltaic Battery Energy Storage System Concepts. Proceedings of the 2019 American Control Conference (ACC), Philadelphia, PA, USA.10.23919/ACC.2019.8815164 ↗
46. Smart Grid Simulation Including Communication Network: A Hardware in the Loop Approach10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2927821 ↗
47. Kumar, G.V.B., Kaliannan, P., Padmanaban, S., Holm-Nielsen, J.B., and Blaabjerg, F. (2020). Effective Management System for Solar PV Using Real-Time Data with Hybrid Energy Storage System. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10031108 ↗
48. (2020, November 19). User Guide and Specifications NI myRIO-1900. Available online: https://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/376047c.pdf.
49. Pan, Y., Yang, Y., and Blaabjerg, F. (October, January 28). Distributed Control of Islanded Series PV-Battery-Hybrid Systems with Low Communication Burden. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 11th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Dubrovnik, Croatia.10.1109/PEDG48541.2020.9244482 ↗
50. A Single-Switch High-Gain PV Microconverter with Low-Switch-Voltage-to-High-Voltage-Bus Ratio10.1109/TPEL.2020.2974207 ↗
51. Pan, Y., Sangwongwanich, A., Yang, Y., and Blaabjerg, F. (2020, January 11–15). A Series Interharmonic Filter for Cascaded H-bridge PV Inverters. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA.10.1109/ECCE44975.2020.9235745 ↗
52. A proposed maximum power point operating strategy for photovoltaic applications using monthly irradiance estimates10.1016/j.solener.2016.11.046 ↗
53. Lin, Z., Xie, W., Dong, M., and Lan, J. (2020, January 12–14). Research of S 3 MPR Engineering Application on Space Power Sources. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 4th Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (ITNEC), Chongqing, China.10.1109/ITNEC48623.2020.9084923 ↗
54. State feedback control for DC-photovoltaic systems10.1016/j.epsr.2016.08.037 ↗
55. Keysight Technologies, Inc. (2020, October 19). Keysight Technologies Series E4360 Modular Solar Array Simulator. Available online: http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/E4360-90001.pdf.
56. Shen, Y., Qin, Z., and Wang, H. (2018). Modeling and Control of DC-DC Converters. En Control of Power Electronic Converters and Systems, Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-805245-7.00003-2 ↗
57. Bahari, M.I., Tarassodi, P., Naeini, Y.M., Khalilabad, A.K., and Shirazi, P. (2016, January 22–24). Modeling and simulation of hill climbing MPPT algorithm for photovoltaic application. Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), Anacapri, Italy.10.1109/SPEEDAM.2016.7525990 ↗
58. Bhattacharyya, S., and Samanta, S. (2018, January 18–21). DC Link Voltage Control based Power Management Scheme for Standalone PV Systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Chennai, India.10.1109/PEDES.2018.8707904 ↗
59. (2020, April 25). NI LabVIEW High-Performance FPGA Developer’s Guide. Available online: https://www.ni.com/es-mx/support/documentation/supplemental/13/the-ni-labview-high-performance-fpga-developer-s-guide.html.
60. ENF Solar (2020, May 15). Directorio de Productos, Mono 415–450W Topsun Co., Ltd. Available online: https://es.enfsolar.com/pv/panel-datasheet/crystalline/10499.