journal article·2022-06-17Open access

Selected Applications of Terahertz Pulses in Medicine and Industry

Philip F. Taday, Michael Pepper, Donald D. Arnone

Applied Sciences· Volume 12· Issue 12

Abstract

This article contains a brief summary of areas where terahertz technology is making an impact in research and industrial applications. We cover some of its uses in the pharmaceutical setting, where both imaging and spectroscopy play important roles. Medical applications are also being pursued in many research laboratories, primarily for imaging purposes and following on from the first results just over 20 years ago. The three-dimensional imaging capability of pulsed terahertz allows for the observation of tumours below the surface of tissue, such as basal cell carcinoma of skin. The recent use of the technology in studies of cultural heritage has shown to increase our understanding of the past. The power of terahertz is exemplified by the discussion on its importance in different industries, such as semiconductor circuit manufacturing and automotive assembly.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Terahertz technology and applications · Plant Pathogens and Resistance

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

TeraView Limited, 1 Enterprise, Cambridge Research Park, Cambridge CB25 9PD, UK

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Woodward, R.M., Cole, B., Wallace, V.P., Arnone, D.D., Pye, R., Linfield, E.H., Pepper, M., and Davies, A.G. (2001, January 11). Terahertz pulse imaging of in vitro basal cell carcinoma samples. Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics TOPS 56, Baltimore, MD, USA.10.1109/CLEO.2001.947872 ↗
2. Terahertz pulse imaging in reflection geometry of human skin cancer and skin tissue10.1088/0031-9155/47/21/325 ↗
3. Terahertz pulse imaging in reflection geometry of skin tissue using time domain analysis techniques10.1117/12.469785 ↗
4. Terahertz Pulsed Spectroscopy of Human Basal Cell Carcinoma10.1366/000370206778664635 ↗
5. Terahertz pulsed imaging of human breast tumors10.1148/radiol.2392041315 ↗
6. Biomedical applications of Terahertz technology10.1088/0022-3727/39/17/R01 ↗
7. Simulation of Terahertz pulse propagation in biological systems10.1063/1.1688448 ↗
8. In vivo study of human skin using pulsed Terahertz radiation10.1088/0031-9155/49/9/001 ↗
9. Terahertz pulsed imaging of freshly excised human colonic tissues10.1088/0031-9155/56/14/008 ↗
10. Terahertz pulsed spectroscopy of freshly excised human breast cancer10.1364/OE.17.012444 ↗
11. The growth of biomedical Terahertz research10.1088/0022-3727/47/37/374009 ↗
12. Simulating the response of Terahertz radiation to basal cell carcinoma using ex vivo spectroscopy measurements10.1117/1.2137667 ↗
13. Fitzgerald, A.J., Pickwell-MacPherson, E., and Wallace, V.P. (2014). Use of finite difference time domain simulations and Debye theory for modelling the Terahertz rellection response of normal and tumour breast tissue. PLoS ONE, 9.10.1371/journal.pone.0099291 ↗
14. Biomedical Applications of Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.04.008 ↗
15. The potential of Terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis: A review of investigations to date
16. A comparison of terahertz pulsed imaging with transmission microradiography for depth measurement of enamel demineralisation in vitro10.1159/000096105 ↗
17. Churchley, D., Lippert, F., Lynch, R., Alton, J., Gonzalez-Cabezas, C., and Eder, J. (2009, January 24–29). A comparison of terahertz-pulsed imaging with transverse microradiography and microhardness to measure mineral changes in enamel after treatment with fluoride dentifrices. Proceedings of the Lasers in Dentistry XV, SPIE BIOS, San Jose, CA, USA.10.1117/12.816860 ↗
18. Terahertz pulsed imaging study to assess remineralization of artificial caries lesions10.1117/1.3540277 ↗
19. The Application of Terahertz Spectroscopy to Protein Detection: A Review10.1080/05704928.2013.847845 ↗
20. Pulsed terahertz spectroscopy of DNA, bovine serum albumin and collagen between 0.1 and 2.0 THz10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00227-X ↗
21. Havenith, M. (2012, January 10–13). Watching the dance of water in the hydration shell of ions and biomolecules in the THz frequency range. Proceedings of the Keynote Lecture, 86th American Chemical Society’s Colloid & Surface Science Symposium, Johns-Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
22. Terahertz dance of proteins and sugars with water
23. Analysis of the hydration water around bovine serum albumin using terahertz coherent synchrotron radiation10.1021/jp407410g ↗
24. Terahertz molecular resonance of cancer DNA10.1038/srep37103 ↗
25. Effective demethylation of melanoma cells using terahertz radiation10.1364/BOE.10.004931 ↗
26. Reproducibility of terahertz peaks in a frozen aqueous solution of 5-methylcytidine10.1007/s10762-021-00793-8 ↗
27. Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis10.1364/OE.17.003469 ↗
28. Cancer diagnosis by terahertz molecular imaging technique10.1007/s10762-011-9847-9 ↗
29. Single-Channel prototype Terahertz endoscopic system10.1117/1.JBO.19.8.080501 ↗
30. Terahertz otoscope and potential for diagnosing otitis media10.1364/BOE.7.001201 ↗
31. Terahertz pulsed imaging of basal cell carcinoma ex vivo and in vivo10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06129.x ↗
32. Use of a handheld Terahertz pulsed imaging device to differentiate benign and malignant breast tissue10.1364/BOE.8.002932 ↗
33. Portieri, A., Grootendorst, M., and Fitzgerald, T. (2015, January 14–15). Intra-operative Terahertz probe for detection of breast cancer. Proceedings of the 2015 8th UK, Europe, China Millimeter Waves and THz Technology Workshop (UCMMT), Cardiff, UK.10.1109/UCMMT.2015.7460611 ↗
34. Price, B.J., Clitherow, J.W., and Bradshaw, J. (1978). Aminoalkyl Furan Derivatives. (4,128,658), U.S. Patent.
35. Crookes, D.L. (1985). Aminoalkyl Furan Derivative. (4,521,431), U.S. Patent.
36. Crookes, D.L. (1987). Process for Forming form 2 Ranitidine Hydrochloride. (4,672,133), U.S. Patent.
37. Collective vibrational modes in biological molecules investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
38. Using Terahertz pulse spectroscopy to study the crystalline structure of a drug: A case study of the polymorphs of ranitidine hydrochloride10.1002/jps.10358 ↗
39. Using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy to quantify pharmaceutical polymorphism and crystallinity10.1002/jps.20281 ↗
40. Investigating tautomeric polymorphism in crystalline anthranilic acid using terahertz spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory10.1021/jp303961w ↗
41. Drug hydrate systems and dehydration processes studied by terahertz pulsed spectroscopy10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.10.027 ↗
42. Understanding the influence of polymorphism on phonon spectra: Lattice dynamics calculations and terahertz spectroscopy of carbamazepine10.1021/jp055439y ↗
43. Solid-state transition mechanism in carbamazepine polymorphs by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy10.1002/cphc.200700261 ↗
44. Relaxation and crystallization of amorphous carbamazepine studied by terahertz pulsed spectroscopy10.1002/jps.20908 ↗
45. Identification and quantification of polymorphism in the pharmaceutical compound diclofenac acid by terahertz spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory10.1021/ac2001934 ↗
46. Characteristics of low-frequency molecular phonon modes studied by THz spectroscopy and solid-state Ab initio theory: Polymorphs I and III of diflunisal10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08798 ↗
47. Terahertz spectroscopic imaging of polymorphic forms in pharmaceutical crystals10.1080/15421406.2011.563625 ↗
48. Conformational origins of polymorphism in two forms of flufenamic acid10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.02.001 ↗
49. Polymorphic forms of furosemide characterized by THz time domain spectroscopy10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.10.2265 ↗
50. Examination of L-glutamic acid polymorphs by solid-state density functional theory and terahertz spectroscopy10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05702 ↗
51. Revisiting the thermodynamic stability of indomethacin polymorphs with low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy and quantum mechanical simulations10.1021/acs.cgd.8b00623 ↗
52. Understanding the origins of conformational disorder in the crystalline polymorphs of irbesartan10.1021/cg300977e ↗
53. Multivariate quantification of mebendazole polymorphs by terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THZ-TDS)10.1039/C6AN02540D ↗
54. Quantitative evaluation of mefenamic acid polymorphs by terahertz-chemometrics10.1002/jps.22194 ↗
55. Effects of solvent stabilization on pharmaceutical crystallization: Investigating conformational polymorphism of probucol using combined solid-state density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and terahertz spectroscopy10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00792 ↗
56. Terahertz pulsed imaging and spectroscopy for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications10.1039/b309357n ↗
57. Probing phase transitions in simvastatin with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy10.1021/mp500649q ↗
58. Characterization of temperature-induced phase transitions in five polymorphic forms of sulfathiazole by terahertz pulsed spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry10.1002/jps.20719 ↗
59. Characterization of Crystalline Phase-Transformations in Theophylline by Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy10.1080/00387010600636916 ↗
60. Quantification of pharmaceutical polymorphs and prediction of dissolution rate using theophylline tablet by terahertz spectroscopy10.1248/cpb.59.442 ↗
61. A novel analytical method for pharmaceutical polymorphs by terahertz spectroscopy and the optimization of crystal form at the discovery stage10.1248/cpb.58.76 ↗
62. Evaluating the roles of conformational strain and cohesive binding in crystalline polymorphs of aripiprazole10.1021/cg400358e ↗
63. Invited Review: Modern Methods for Accurately Simulating the Terahertz Spectra of Solids10.1007/s10762-019-00648-3 ↗
64. Sub-millimetre wave spectra of polar liquids10.1038/208378a0 ↗
65. Noncovalent intermolecular forces in polycrystalline and amorphous saccharides in the far infrared10.1016/S0301-0104(03)00031-4 ↗
66. Direct measurement of molecular mobility and crystallisation of amorphous pharmaceuticals using terahertz spectroscopy10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.021 ↗
67. Crystallization and phase changes in paracetamol from the amorphous solid to the liquid phase10.1021/mp400768m ↗
68. Predicting crystallization of amorphous drugs with terahertz spectroscopy10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00330 ↗
69. Terahertz response of organic amorphous systems: Experimental concerns and perspectives10.1080/14786435.2015.1111528 ↗
70. Glass-transition temperature of the β-relaxation as the major predictive parameter for recrystallization of neat amorphous drugs10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10105 ↗
71. Nondestructive analysis of tablet coating thicknesses using terahertz pulsed imaging10.1002/jps.20225 ↗
72. Analysis of coating structures and interfaces in solid oral dosage forms by three dimensional terahertz pulsed imaging10.1002/jps.20789 ↗
73. Delayed Release Tablet Dissolution Related to Coating Thickness by Terahertz Pulsed Image Mapping10.1002/jps.21051 ↗
74. Analysis of sustained-release tablet film coats using terahertz pulsed imaging10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.03.011 ↗
75. Terahertz pulsed imaging as an analytical tool for sustained-release tablet film coating10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.023 ↗
76. Monitoring the film coating unit operation and predicting drug dissolution using terahertz pulsed imaging10.1002/jps.21766 ↗
77. Applications of terahertz pulsed imaging to sustained-release tablet film coating quality assessment and dissolution performance10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.01.002 ↗
78. Hardness and Density Distributions of Pharmaceutical Tablets Measured by Terahertz Pulsed Imaging10.1002/jps.23560 ↗
79. Terahertz in-line sensor for direct coating thickness measurement of individual tablets during film coating in real-time10.1002/jps.22359 ↗
80. A quantitative comparison of in-line coating thickness distributions obtained from a pharmaceutical tablet mixing process using discrete element method and terahertz pulsed imaging10.1016/j.ces.2018.06.045 ↗
81. Non-destructive determination of disintegration time and dissolution in immediate release tablets by terahertz transmission measurements10.1007/s11095-017-2108-4 ↗
82. Fast and non-destructive pore structure analysis using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.029 ↗
83. Terahertz-based porosity measurement of pharmaceutical tablets: A tutorial10.1007/s10762-019-00659-0 ↗
84. Non-destructive quantification of fragmentation within tablets after compression from scattering analysis of terahertz transmission measurements10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119769 ↗
85. A fast and non-destructive terahertz dissolution assay for immediate release tablets10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.041 ↗
86. Investigation on reconstruction methods applied to 3D terahertz computed tomography10.1364/OE.19.005105 ↗
87. A Survey of Terahertz Applications in Cultural Heritage Conservation Science10.1109/TTHZ.2011.2159538 ↗
88. Cosentino, A. (2016). Terahertz and Cultural Heritage Science: Examination of Art and Archaeology. Technologies, 4.10.3390/technologies4010006 ↗
89. Sub-surface terahertz imaging through uneven surfaces: Visualizing Neolithic wall paintings in Çatalhöyük10.1364/OE.21.008126 ↗
90. Goya’s Artwork Imaging with Terahertz Waves10.1364/OE.21.017800 ↗
91. Three-dimensional imaging of optically opaque materials using nonionizing terahertz radiation10.1364/JOSAA.25.003120 ↗
92. Contrast in Terahertz Images of Archival Documents—Part I: Influence of the Optical Parameters from the Ink and Support10.1007/s10762-016-0351-0 ↗
93. Elimination of scattering effects in spectral measurement of granulated materials using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy10.1063/1.2840719 ↗
94. Influence of Particle Size on Optical Constants from Pellets Measured with Terahertz Pulsed Spectroscopy10.1109/TTHZ.2016.2538641 ↗
95. Bardon, T., May, R.K., Taday, P.F., and Strlic, M. (2014, January 14–19). Material characterization of historical parchment using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Proceedings of the International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz, Tucson, AZ, USA.10.1109/IRMMW-THz.2014.6956032 ↗
96. Contrast in Terahertz Images of Archival Documents—Part II: Influence of Topographic Features10.1007/s10762-016-0352-z ↗
97. Assignment of the terahertz spectra of crystalline copper sulfate and its hydrates via solid-state density functional theory10.1021/jp507927c ↗
98. The role of terahertz polariton absorption in the characterization of crystalline iron sulfate hydrates10.1039/C5CP01195G ↗
99. Terahertz paintmeter for noncontact monitoring of thickness and drying progress in paint film10.1364/AO.44.006849 ↗
100. Improvement of minimum paint film thickness for THz paint meters by multiple-regression analysis10.1364/AO.46.007518 ↗