Prospects of renewable energy and low carbon energy systems in Pakistan: Policy recommendations for sustainable solution to energy crisis

As a consequence of the escalating population and heavy dependence on imported fossil-based fuels, Pakistan has had to deal with a substantial energy shortage for more than a decade now. This situation has led to massive electricity breakdowns and blackouts; in underprivileged areas, these blackouts last anywhere from 14 to 18 h. Currently, the government is facing a huge challenge in catering to the country’s prospective energy demands. Under the prevailing circumstances, researchers have intensified their efforts to explore the potential of clean energy technologies in Pakistan to address the energy shortfall experienced by the country. The geographical location of Pakistan is favorable for several renewable energy resources, mainly solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. The total amount of solar insolation received by the country is 5.5 kWh/m2/day, with an average annual sunshine duration of 8–10 h per day. Moreover, the coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan provinces experience wind speeds of 5–7 m/s, harboring the potential to generate electricity up to 346 000 MW, of which 132 000 MW is considered viable. Similarly, Pakistan has a potential of 45 000 MW of hydroelectricity. The sugar production industry has a significant potential of 3000 MW using bagasse as a biofuel for power generation.