journal article·2026-03-01Open access

Thermal management of heating elements in vacuum

Shuang Li, Zaman Tekin, Lin Fan, Sen Li, Fengquan Zhang, Saeed Ahmad, Zhiyuan Lin, Mohan Zhang, Xiaotong Liu, Jin Hu, David Yang, William Yang, Chandrashekar Radhakrishnan, Tim Byrnes, Valentin Ivannikov

AIP Advances· Volume 16· Issue 3

Abstract

Thermal management of heating elements placed in a vacuum must be handled carefully due to the lack of convective cooling and the difficulty of replacing components. This study investigates the thermal dissipation of a one-dimensional heating element placed in a vacuum, where the only cooling can occur through conduction through the wires and radiation. We model the heat in the element using a heat diffusion equation with Joule heating and radiative loss. We analytically and numerically analyze the equation and determine key parameters such as the critical current density and cycle rate. This study establishes a basis for the refinement of thermal management strategies in applied settings, ensuring both efficiency and reliability in high-vacuum environments.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Radiative Heat Transfer Studies · Thermal Radiation and Cooling Technologies · Thermal properties of materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University (ECNU) 1 , Shanghai 200241,

New York University Shanghai 2 , 567 West Yangsi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 200126,

Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory 3 , Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Rd, Oxford OX2 6GG,

College of Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology 4 , Xi’an 710054,

Wellington College International Shanghai 5 , 1500 Yaolong Road, Shanghai 200126,

NYU-ECNU Institute of Physics at NYU Shanghai 6 , 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062,

Center for Quantum and Topological Systems, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) Research Institute, NYUAD 7 , Abu Dhabi,

Department of Physics, New York University 8 , New York, New York 10003,

Funding

SMEC Scientific Research Innovation Project · Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality · NYU Shanghai Boost Fund · China Foreign Experts Program · NYU-ECNU Institute of Physics at NYU Shanghai · NYU Shanghai Major-Grants Seed Fund · Tamkeen under the NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute grant CG008

References (47)

Show source-provided references
1. Three-dimensional printable high-temperature and high-rate heaters10.1021/acsnano.6b01059 ↗
2. Sequential vacuum-evaporated perovskite solar cells with more than 24% efficiency10.1126/sciadv.abo7422 ↗
3. Ultra-stable and high-performance squeezed vacuum source enabled via artificial intelligence control10.1126/sciadv.adu4888 ↗
4. Dynamical beats of short pulses in waveguide QED10.1103/physrevresearch.5.l042041 ↗
5. Laser frequency locking with subnatural linewidth spectroscopy10.1364/josab.380337 ↗
6. An optical lattice clock with accuracy and stability at the 10−18 level10.1038/nature12941 ↗
7. Asymmetric double-well potential for single-atom interferometry10.1103/physreva.74.023612 ↗
8. Composite picosecond control of atomic states through a nanofiber interface10.1103/physrevapplied.20.024041 ↗
9. Slow mass transport and statistical evolution of an atomic gas across the superfluid–Mott-insulator transition10.1103/physrevlett.104.160403 ↗
10. Quantum-state-selective mirror reflection of atoms by laser light10.1103/physrevlett.60.2137 ↗
11. Characterization of alkali metal dispensers and non-evaporable getter pumps in ultrahigh vacuum systems for cold atomic sensors10.1116/1.4757950 ↗
12. Collimated versatile atomic beam source with alkali dispensers10.1063/5.0087155 ↗
13. Miniature biplanar coils for alkali-metal-vapor magnetometry10.1103/physrevapplied.18.014036 ↗
14. An elementary quantum network of entangled optical atomic clocks10.1038/s41586-022-05088-z ↗
15. Laser cooling for quantum gases10.1038/s41567-021-01379-w ↗
16. S. Li , Z.Lin, S.Li, M.Zhang, F.Zhang, J.Hu, X.Liu, L.Meng, T.Byrnes, and V.Ivannikov, “Pre-emptive parametric kill switch for evaporative atomic sources in vacuum,” arXiv:2510.27381 (2025).
17. Additively manufactured ultra-high vacuum chamber for portable quantum technologies10.1016/j.addma.2021.101898 ↗
18. Pumping dynamics of cold-atom experiments in a single vacuum chamber10.1103/physrevapplied.12.014033 ↗
19. A passively pumped vacuum package sustaining cold atoms for more than 200 days10.1116/5.0053885 ↗
20. Vacuum characterization of a compact room-temperature trapped ion system10.1063/5.0029236 ↗
21. Development of an ultra-high vacuum system for a cold atom physics rack in space10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110192 ↗
22. Accurate measurement of the loss rate of cold atoms due to background gas collisions for the quantum-based cold atom vacuum standard10.1116/5.0147686 ↗
23. Reduction of background scattered light in vacuum systems for cold atoms experiments10.1063/5.0030041 ↗
24. Elastic rate coefficients for Li + H2 collisions in the calibration of a cold-atom vacuum standard10.1103/physreva.99.042704 ↗
25. Attractive optical forces from blackbody radiation10.1103/physrevlett.111.023601 ↗
26. Attractive force on atoms due to blackbody radiation10.1038/s41567-017-0004-9 ↗
27. Experimental and numerical study of heat transfer in thin-walled structures built by direct metal deposition and geometry improvement via laser power modulation10.1007/s40516-023-00211-y ↗
28. Optimization of solar phase change accumulator performance under the influence of multiple factors10.1016/j.tsep.2024.103201 ↗
29. 2001
30. 2011
31. Describing the uncertainties in experimental results10.1016/0894-1777(88)90043-x ↗
32. An improved steady-state method for measuring the thermal contact resistance and bulk thermal conductivity of thin-walled materials having a sub-millimeter thickness10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.114931 ↗
33. 2008
34. 2021
35. 2012
36. Heat transfer to liquid metal: Review of data and correlations for tube bundles10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.12.014 ↗
37. Boundary condition-enforced immersed boundary method for thermal flow problems with Dirichlet temperature condition and its applications10.1016/j.compfluid.2011.12.006 ↗
38. 2023
39. High-temperature stability of nichrome in reactive environments10.1116/1.1570834 ↗
40. Mathematical modelling and volume prediction of metal melted by electron beam welding in copper and stainless steel 304 dissimilar metal joints10.35940/ijrte.B1001.0782S319 ↗
41. Physical and chemical phenomena occurring between solid ceramics and liquid metals and alloys at laser and plasma composite coatings formation: A review10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.06.001 ↗
42. The State Education Department · 2006–2007
43. 1911
44. 1943
45. Emissivities of copper and aluminum10.1364/josa.39.001009 ↗
46. Atomic absorption evaporation flow rate measurements of alkali metal dispensers10.1016/0042-207x(85)90319-7 ↗
47. Alkali Metal Dispensers · 2018