Solid-state maser with microwatt output power at moderate cryogenic temperatures

Solid-state masers are uniquely positioned to serve as ultra-low phase noise microwave sources due to their exceptionally low noise temperatures. However, their practical application has been historically limited by low output power and the need for deep cryogenic cooling. In this work, we present a novel design for a continuous-wave, diamond-based maser oscillator operating at ∼14.5 GHz and moderate cryogenic temperatures (∼180 K), achieving output power levels exceeding −30 dBm (1 μW). This performance represents a two-orders-of-magnitude improvement over previous diamond- or ruby-based maser oscillators. Our system integrates a high-Q (∼2460) compact metallic microwave cavity with optically pumped [111]-oriented NV-rich diamond crystals. The cavity supports efficient light coupling and thermal dissipation, enabling sustained high-power optical excitation (>1 W) using cost-effective green LEDs. We demonstrate stable maser operation with good spectral quality and validate its output through both frequency- and time-domain analysis with phase noise data when operated in “free-running” mode. In addition, we provide phase noise estimations based on Leeson’s model and show that, when coupled to a high-Q external resonator, such masers could approach thermally limited phase noise levels. These predictions suggest strong potential for diamond masers to outperform traditional ruby-based or similar maser systems, especially given their ability to operate at higher temperatures using rugged, He-free Stirling coolers. Despite current limitations related to frequency stability and jitter, this work establishes diamond-based masers as promising candidates for next-generation ultra-low phase noise microwave oscillators. Further engineering optimization—particularly in field stability, thermal regulation, and feedback locking—will be key to unlocking their full potential.