Quantitative derivation of the cosmic microwave background radiation spectrum and temperature and its relationship with the Hubble constant

The alarming discrepancies between predictions from hot big bang cosmological models and results from deep space observations by the James Webb Space Telescope necessitate a fundamental paradigm shift in cosmology. Dynamically polarized superfluid free space populated with dynamic elementary dipole resonators is proposed to elucidate quantitatively photon dynamics, the properties of free space, some physical constants, vacuum polarization, vacuum fluctuation, quantization, and some observable cosmic phenomena. The fine structure constant formula is derived directly from analyzing the fundamental constituent of free space—dynamic elementary dipoles—shedding light on one of the greatest mystical constants in physics. Quantitative derivations of the cosmic microwave background radiation spectrum and temperature and its relationship with the Hubble constant substantiate the theoretical framework. The theoretical advancements aim at bridging classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and special and general relativities, fostering interdisciplinary exploration and laying the groundwork for a more comprehensive and interconnected understanding of the universe’s fundamental nature.