Reducing the impact of adaptive optics lag on optical and quantum communications rates from rapidly moving sources

Wavefront of light passing through the turbulent atmosphere gets distorted. This causes signal loss in free-space optical communication as the light beam spreads and wanders at the receiving end. Frequency and/or time division multiplexing adaptive optics (AO) techniques have been used to conjugate this kind of wavefront distortion. However, if the signal beam moves relative to the atmosphere, the AO system performance degrades due to high temporal anisoplanatism. Here, we solve this problem by adding a pioneering beacon that is spatially separated from the signal beam with time delay between spatially separated pulses. More importantly, our protocol works irrespective of the signal beam intensity and, hence, is also applicable to secret quantum communication. In particular, using semi-empirical atmospheric turbulence calculation, we show that for low earth orbit satellite-to-ground decoy state quantum key distribution with the satellite at zenith angle <30°, our method increases the key rate by at least 215% and 40% for satellite altitudes of 400 and 800 km, respectively. Finally, we propose a modification of the existing wavelength division multiplexing systems as an effective alternative solution to this problem.