Theoretical study of SPP properties based on black phosphorus–graphene van der Waals heterostructure

We theoretically investigate the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) properties based on black phosphorus–graphene van der Waals heterostructures that can be tuned by both the incident light angle of black phosphorus and Fermi level of graphene. We elucidate the angle-dependent SPP properties for the hybrid structure from the visible regime to mid-infrared regime. The results show that the largest SPP propagation distance is obtained in the zigzag direction of black phosphorus except when the wavelength is tuned from 380 nm to 480 nm in the visible regime and 1 µm–1.2 µm in the near infrared regime. We also reveal the quasi-linear and quasi-square linear relationship between the SPP propagation distance and Fermi level of graphene for different regimes. Our work would be of great value to construct and optimize the angle-dependent and tunable SPP devices based on the hybridization of different 2D materials.