journal article·2026-06-01Open access

Cross-platform hardware benchmark of style-based quantum GANs for data augmentation on superconducting and trapped-ion processors

Julien Baglio

AIP Advances· Volume 16· Issue 6

Abstract

In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era, controlled benchmarks of quantum machine-learning workloads across hardware modalities are needed to quantify how given algorithms behave under native provider execution stacks. This work presents such a benchmark for the style-based quantum generative adversarial network (qGAN) on a high-energy physics data-augmentation task. We compare two commercially available gate-model quantum computers: the IBM ibm_torino hardware, based on superconducting transmon qubits from the Heron chip, and the IonQ aria-1 hardware, based on trapped-ion qubits. The generator architecture and trained parameters are kept fixed, and built-in mitigation is disabled when possible. We report quality and runtime metrics under each provider’s native stack. The workflow uses circuit replication across available qubits, up to 48 on IBM and 24 on IonQ, to reduce the number of submitted jobs required for the target sample set. To our knowledge, this is one of the first controlled style-based qGAN hardware-to-hardware comparisons for this data-augmentation task. We observe that both platforms complete the task successfully, with marginal Kullback–Leibler divergences somewhat lower on aria-1, while end-to-end runtime is significantly shorter on ibm_torino. These results are an application-specific trade-off benchmark, not a claim of algorithmic novelty.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture · Quantum many-body systems · Machine Learning in Materials Science

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

QuantumBasel , Schorenweg 44B, CH-4144 Arlesheim, and , Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel,

Center for Quantum Computing and Quantum Coherence (QC2), Department of Physics, University of Basel , Schorenweg 44B, CH-4144 Arlesheim, and , Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel,

References (57)

Show source-provided references
1. Nat. Rev. Phys. · 2021 · 3 · 62510.1038/s42254-021-00348-9 ↗
2. Rev. Mod. Phys. · 2022 · 94 · 01500410.1103/RevModPhys.94.015004 ↗
4. Nature · 2017 · 549 · 19510.1038/nature23474 ↗
5. 2018
6. Phys. Rev. Appl. · 2024 · 21 · 06700110.1103/physrevapplied.21.067001 ↗
7. npj Quantum Inf. · 2019 · 5 · 4510.1038/s41534-019-0157-8 ↗
8. Phys. Rev. A · 2019 · 99 · 06232310.1103/physreva.99.062323 ↗
9. npj Quantum Inf. · 2020 · 6 · 6010.1038/s41534-020-00288-9 ↗
10. Phys. Rev. A · 2018 · 98 · 01232410.1103/physreva.98.012324 ↗
11. Phys. Rev. Lett. · 2018 · 121 · 04050210.1103/physrevlett.121.040502 ↗
12. npj Quantum Inf. · 2019 · 5 · 10310.1038/s41534-019-0223-2 ↗
13. Sci. Adv. · 2019 · 5 · eaav276110.1126/sciadv.aav2761 ↗
14. Inf. Sci. · 2020 · 538 · 19310.1016/j.ins.2020.05.127 ↗
15. Adv. Quantum Technol. · 2021 · 4 · 200000310.1002/qute.202000003 ↗
16. Quantum · 2022 · 6 · 77710.22331/q-2022-08-17-777 ↗
17. Quantum Sci. Technol. · 2023 · 8 · 03500210.1088/2058-9565/acc4e4 ↗
18. Electronics · 2023 · 12 · 85610.3390/electronics12040856 ↗
19. Quantum Sci. Technol. · 2019 · 4 · 04300110.1088/2058-9565/ab4eb5 ↗
20. Nat. Comput. Sci. · 2023 · 3 · 54210.1038/s43588-023-00467-6 ↗
21. npj Quantum Inf. · 2025 · 11 · 12110.1038/s41534-025-01064-3 ↗
22. npj Quantum Inf. · 2024 · 10 · 11610.1038/s41534-024-00902-0 ↗
23. Quantum · 2024 · 8 · 148410.22331/q-2024-09-25-1484 ↗
24. Phys. Rev. Res. · 2022 · 4 · 04309210.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.043092 ↗
25. Sci. Rep. · 2019 · 9 · 1688410.1038/s41598-019-52737-x ↗
26. Quantum generative models for small molecule drug discovery10.1109/TQE.2021.3104804 ↗
27. J. Appl. Phys. · 2022 · 132 · 16090210.1063/5.0082975 ↗
28. Eur. J. Phys. · 2023 · 45 · 01300110.1088/1361-6404/ad06be ↗
29. Nat. Commun. · 2019 · 10 · 546410.1038/s41467-019-13534-2 ↗
30. npj Quantum Inf. · 2021 · 7 · 14210.1038/s41534-021-00484-1 ↗
31. Nature · 2021 · 592 · 20910.1038/s41586-021-03318-4 ↗
32. Quantum · 2024 · 8 · 151610.22331/q-2024-11-07-1516 ↗
33. Chem. Phys. Lett. · 2024 · 836 · 14097510.1016/j.cplett.2023.140975 ↗
34. QuCloud: A new qubit mapping mechanism for multi-programming quantum computing in cloud environment
35. Quantum · 2023 · 7 · 92510.22331/q-2023-02-16-925 ↗
36. S. Y. Chang , S.Thanasilp, B. L.Saux, S.Vallecorsa, and M.Grossi, “Latent style-based quantum GAN for high-quality image generation,” arXiv:2406.02668 (2024).
37. Phys. Rev. A · 2007 · 76 · 04231910.1103/PhysRevA.76.042319 ↗
38. Appl. Phys. Rev. · 2019 · 6 · 02131810.1063/1.5089550 ↗
39. J. Appl. Phys. · 2019 · 125 · 16530110.1063/1.5089871 ↗
40. Phys. Rev. Lett. · 2011 · 107 · 08050210.1103/PhysRevLett.107.080502 ↗
41. Phys. Rev. Lett. · 2014 · 112 · 19050410.1103/PhysRevLett.112.190504 ↗
42. 2014 · 241
43. Phys. Rev. Lett. · 1999 · 82 · 183510.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1835 ↗
44. Phys. Rev. A · 2000 · 62 · 02231110.1103/PhysRevA.62.022311 ↗
45. Commun. ACM · 2020 · 63 · 13910.1145/3422622 ↗
46. Do GANs always have Nash equilibria?
47. Artif. Intell. Rev. · 2023 · 56 · 977110.1007/s10462-023-10395-6 ↗
48. qiboteam/qibo: Qibo 0.2.7
49. Quantum Sci. Technol. · 2021 · 7 · 01501810.1088/2058-9565/ac39f5 ↗
50. J. Mach. Learn. Res. · 2011 · 12 · 282510.5555/1953048.2078195 ↗
51. J. High Energy Phys. · 2014 · 7910.1007/JHEP07(2014)079 ↗
52. J. High Energy Phys. · 2018 · 18510.1007/JHEP07(2018)185 ↗
53. Ann. Math. Stat. · 1951 · 22 · 7910.1214/aoms/1177729694 ↗
54. Qiskit: An open-source framework for quantum computing
55. npj Quantum Inf. · 2023 · 9 · 11110.1038/s41534-023-00781-x ↗
56. npj Quantum Inf. · 2023 · 9 · 2610.1038/s41534-023-00689-6 ↗
57. Phys. Rev. Lett. · 2022 · 129 · 13050110.1103/PhysRevLett.129.130501 ↗