Surface transport emission reduction strategy in Bhutan
Source abstract
Abstract
This study analyzes the surface transport emission reduction strategy in Bhutan. Considering 100% Electric Vehicle (EV) development by 2050, the estimated emission reduction is calculated based on kilometers traveled for passenger vehicles and ton kilometers traveled for freight mobility in the year 2022. The calculated values show combustion engine vehicle emissions (CO2: 1145 Gt, CO: 29.8 Gt, SO2: 2.9 Gt, NOx: 12.1 Gt, N2O: 0.009 Gt, CH4: 0.104 Gt, NMVOC: 5.8 Gt, and PM2.5: 0.072 Gt) compared to 100% EV emissions (CO2: 276 Gt) in gigatons (Gt) in 2050, where other emission categories are completely removed during the operation life of EVs. However, to meet the emission reduction potential, various technical challenges are to be fulfilled, such as electrification of freight mobility, rural road infrastructure quality development, the high modal share of public transport service, and at least the provision of 2500 MW as a base load in the electric grid network. Furthermore, qualifying for zero emissions by 2050 requires regular data updates, which is a concern. Bhutan is uniquely positioned to achieve EV zero emissions as its power generation mix is almost 100% renewables based predominantly driven by hydropower.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Environmental Impact and Sustainability · Vehicle emissions and performance · Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan 1 , Lower Motithang, Thimphu,
Department of Environmental Planning and Technology, Umwelt-Campus, University of Applied Sciences Trier 2 , P.O. Box 1380, 55761 Birkenfeld,
Architectural Engineering and Construction Management, KFUPM 3 , Dhahran,
IRC for Sustainable Energy Systems, KFUPM 4 , Dhahran,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology 5 , Karachi,
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