Effect of liquid density, ultrasonic velocity, and gas flow rate on the formation of air bubbles in aqueous methanol at temperature 293.15, 303.15, and 313.15 K

This study examines the relationship between bubble diameter and influencing factors, such as surface tension, mole fraction, liquid density, and ultrasonic velocity across different gas flow rates (0.000 05, 0.000 058 33, and 0.000 066 66 m3/s) and temperatures (293.15, 303.15, and 313.15 K). As surface tension increases, the bubble diameter decreases due to the greater force required to expand the gas–liquid interface. Higher mole fractions also result in smaller bubbles, influenced by fluid properties, such as viscosity and density. The image captured using aq high-resolution camera was analyzed using the Bubble Analyzer software. The bubble diameters extracted from the processed images were then compared with those obtained through a mathematical model. The strong agreement between both sets of results validates the accuracy and reliability of the bubble diameter measurements derived from the mathematical model. Bubble size decreases nonlinearly with increasing liquid density as buoyant and inertial forces restrict growth. Enhanced cavitation and acoustic pressure from increasing ultrasonic velocity further reduce bubble size, with its effect becoming more pronounced at higher velocities. Temperature has a minimal impact, with slightly larger bubbles forming at higher temperatures due to reduced viscosity and surface tension. These findings are essential for optimizing gas–liquid systems, foaming, aeration, emulsification, and sonochemical reactions by improving efficiency and stability.