Heat transfer of ternary hybrid nanofluids in a rotating semi-permeable channel with melting and injection/suction

In this study, the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of Cu–SiO2–TiO2 ternary hybrid nanofluids in a semi-permeable channel with injection or suction at the top surface and a melting condition at the bottom wall were investigated. The analysis incorporates the effects of magnetoconvection, radiation, and Joule heating on thermal and fluid dynamics. The Differential Transformation Method is employed to solve the dimensionless governing equations under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. A detailed parametric investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of key parameters, including the Hartmann number, Reynolds number, Eckert number, nanoparticle volume fraction, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number. The results reveal that increasing the Hartmann number reduces the fluid velocity while enhancing the temperature profiles due to intensified Lorentz forces. Elevated Reynolds numbers boost convective heat transfer and flow intensity, while higher nanoparticle volume fractions significantly improve thermal conductivity, leading to higher Nusselt numbers. Injection enhances heat transport by strengthening the convective flow, whereas suction reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness. In addition, radiation and Joule heating further modulate the transport phenomena and optimize energy transfer. These findings highlight the potential of Cu–SiO2–TiO2 ternary hybrid nanofluids for achieving superior thermal performance, underscoring their applicability in modern energy storage and thermal management systems.