Enhanced photorefractive properties of indium co-doped LiNbO3:Mo crystals

We grew a set of indium and molybdenum co-doped lithium niobate crystals with various indium doping concentrations and investigated their photorefractive properties at different wavelengths (442, 488 and 532 nm). It was found that the diffraction efficiency of 1.0 mol% indium and 0.5 mol% molybdenum co-doped lithium niobate crystal could reach 61.57% at 488 nm. Moreover for 3.0 mol% indium and 0.5 mol% molybdenum co-doped lithium niobate crystal, the response time was greatly shortened to 0.61, 0.76, and 0.74 s at 442, 488, and 532 nm, respectively, while the photorefractive sensitivity reached as high as 7.35 cm/J at 442 nm. These results indicate that co-doping of indium is an efficient way to further enhance the photorefractive properties of molybdenum-doped lithium niobate crystal.