journal article·2013-09Open access

Molecular and crystal assembly inside the carbon nanotube: encapsulation and manufacturing approaches

Sergio Manzetti

Advances in Manufacturing· Volume 1· Issue 3

Abstract

Encapsulation of different guest-species such as molecules and ions inside carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been reported in the literatures during the last 15 years and represents an exciting development of nanoengineering of novel materials and composites. The reported nanocomposite materials show the semi-conducting properties with potential applications in nanosensors, nanounits and nanocircuits as well as advanced energy transfer and storage properties, and encompass manufacturing for novel nanowires, nanoelectronic devices with properties designed with optoelectronic, spintronic and nanomagnetic qualities. This review reports on a wide range of encapsulation references with particular focus on single molecules, atomic chains, metal halides and polymers encapsulated inside CNTs. The encapsulation methods and the chemical and physical qualities of these novel materials are crucial for the future manufacturing of novel innovations in nanotechnology, and represent therefore the current state-of-the-art of encapsulation methods in advanced manufacturing.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Carbon Nanotubes in Composites · Graphene research and applications · Conducting polymers and applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (63)

Show source-provided references
1. Guan L, Shi Z, Li M et al (2005) Ferrocene-filled single-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 43:2780–278510.1016/j.carbon.2005.05.025 ↗
2. Obergfell D, Meyer JC, Haluska M et al (2006) Transport and TEM on dysprosium metallofullerene peapods. Phys Status Solidif B 243:3430–343410.1002/pssb.200669117 ↗
3. Del Carmen Gimenez-Lopez M, Chuvilin A, Kaiser U et al (2011) Functionalised endohedral fullerenes in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 47:2116–211810.1039/C0CC02929G ↗
4. Del Carmen Gimenez-Lopez M, La Torre A, Fay MW et al (2013) Assembly and magnetic bistability of Mn3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated in hollow carbon nanofibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 52:2051–205410.1002/anie.201207855 ↗
5. Faist J, Capasso F, Sirtori C et al (1995) Continuous wave operation of a vertical transition quantum cascade laser above T = 80 K. Appl Phys Lett 67:3057–305910.1063/1.114863 ↗
6. Tóth G, Lent CS (2001) Quantum computing with quantum-dot cellular automata. Phys Rev A 63:05231510.1103/PhysRevA.63.052315 ↗
7. Lindner NH, Refael G, Galitski V (2011) Floquet topological insulator in semiconductor quantum wells. Nat Phys 7:490–49510.1038/nphys1926 ↗
8. Meunier V, Sumpter BG (2005) Amphoteric doping of carbon nanotubes by encapsulation of organic molecules: electronic properties and quantum conductance. J Chem Phys 123:2470510.1063/1.1931547 ↗
9. Dinadayalane TC, Gorb L, Simeon T et al (2007) Cumulative-interaction triggers unusually high stabilization of linear hydrocarbon inside the single-walled carbon nanotube. Int J Quantum Chem 107:2204–221010.1002/qua.21366 ↗
10. Smith BW, Monthoux M, Luzzi DE (1998) Encapsulated C60 in carbon nanotubes. Nature 396:323–32410.1038/24521 ↗
11. Maniwa Y, Kumazawa Y, Saito Y et al (1999) Anomaly of X-ray diffraction profile in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Jpn J Appl Phys Lett 38:L668–L67010.1143/JJAP.38.L668 ↗
12. Takenobu T, Takano T, Shiraishi M et al (2003) Stable and controlled amphoteric doping by encapsulation of organic molecules inside carbon nanotubes. Nat Mater 2:683–68810.1038/nmat976 ↗
13. Morgan DA, Sloan J, Green ML (2002) Direct imaging of o-carborane molecules within single walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun 20:2442–244310.1039/b207594f ↗
14. Smith BW, Luzzi DE (2000) Formation mechanism of fullerene peapods and coaxial tubes: a path to large scale synthesis. Chem Phys Lett 321:169–17410.1016/S0009-2614(00)00307-9 ↗
15. Kiang CH, Choi JS, Tran TT et al (1999) Molecular nanowires of 1 nm diameter from capillary filling of single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 103:7449–745110.1021/jp991424m ↗
16. Sloan J, Hammer J, Zwiefka-Sibley M et al (1998) The opening and filling of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWTs). Chem Commun 3:347–34810.1039/a707632k ↗
17. Sloan J, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Hutchison JL et al (2000) The size distribution, imaging and obstructing properties of C60 and higher fullerenes formed within arc-grown single walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 316:191–19810.1016/S0009-2614(99)01250-6 ↗
18. Zhang Y, Iijima S, Shi Z et al (1999) Defects in arc-discharge-produced single-walled carbon nanotubes. Philos Mag Lett 79:473–47910.1080/095008399177110 ↗
19. Wang ZX, Ke XZ, Zhu ZY et al (2000) Carbon-atom chain formation in the core of nanotubes. Phys Rev B 61:R2472–R247410.1103/PhysRevB.61.R2472 ↗
20. Warner J, Rümmeli MH, Bachmatiuk A et al (2010) Structural transformations of carbon chains inside nanotubes. Phys Rev B 81:15541910.1103/PhysRevB.81.155419 ↗
21. Nishide D, Dohi H, Wakabayashi T et al (2006) Single-wall carbon nanotubes encaging linear chain C10H2 polyyne molecules inside. Chem Phys Lett 428:356–36010.1016/j.cplett.2006.07.016 ↗
22. Zhao X, Ando Y, Liu Y et al (2003) Carbon nanowire made of a long linear carbon chain inserted inside a multiwalled carbon nanotube. Phys Rev Lett 90:187401–18740410.1103/PhysRevLett.90.187401 ↗
23. Sheng L, Jin A, Yu L et al (2012) A simple and universal method for fabricating linear carbon chains in multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Mater Lett 81:222–22410.1016/j.matlet.2012.04.140 ↗
24. Koshino M, Tanaka T, Solin N et al (2007) Imaging of single organic molecules in motion. Science 316:85310.1126/science.1138690 ↗
25. Chamberlain TW, Biskupek J, Rance GA et al (2012) Size, structure, and helical twist of graphene nanoribbons controlled by confinement in carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 6:3943–395310.1021/nn300137j ↗
26. Chuvilin A, Bichoutskaia E, Gimenez-Lopez MC et al (2011) Self-assembly of a sulfur-terminated graphene nanoribbon within a single-walled carbon nanotube. Nat Mater 10:687–69210.1038/nmat3082 ↗
27. Tang J, Huo Z, Brittman S et al (2011) Solution-processed core-shell nanowires for efficient photovoltaic cells. Nat Nanotechnol 6:568–57210.1038/nnano.2011.139 ↗
28. Meyer RR, Sloan J, Dunin-Borkowski RE et al (2000) Discrete atom imaging of one-dimensional crystals formed within single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 289:1324–132710.1126/science.289.5483.1324 ↗
29. Lee J, Kim H, Kahng SJ et al (2002) Bandgap modulation of carbon nanotubes by encapsulated metallofullerenes. Nature 415:1005–100810.1038/4151005a ↗
30. Sloan J, Kirkland AI, Hutchison JL et al (2002) Integral atomic layer architectures of 1D crystals inserted into single walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun: 1319–1332. doi: 10.1039/B200537A10.1039/b200537a ↗
31. Bendall JS, Ilie A, Welland ME et al (2006) Thermal stability and reactivity of metal halide filled single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 110:6569–657310.1021/jp056405t ↗
32. Zhou J, Song H, Chen X et al (2010) Diffusion of metal in a confined nanospace of carbon nanotubes induced by air oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 132:11402–1140510.1021/ja105712w ↗
33. La Torre A, Del Carmen Gimenez-Lopez M, Fay MW et al (2012) Assembly, growth, and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles in hollow carbon nanofibers. ACS Nano 6:2000–200710.1021/nn300400z ↗
34. Sloan JM, Wright D, Bailey S et al (1999) Capillarity and silver nanowire formation observed in single walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun: 699–700. doi: 10.1039/A901572H10.1039/a901572h ↗
35. Rothschild A, Sloan J, Tenne R (2000) Growth of WS2 nanotubes phases. J Am Chem Soc 122:5169–517910.1021/ja994118v ↗
36. Xu C, Sloan J, Brown G et al (2000) 1D lanthanide halide crystals inserted into single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun 24:2427–242810.1039/b006817i ↗
37. Del Carmen Gimenez-Lopez M, Moro F, La Torre A et al (2011) Encapsulation of single-molecule magnets in carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2:40710.1038/ncomms1415 ↗
38. Guan L, Suenaga K, Shi Z et al (2007) Polymorphic structures of iodine and their phase transition in confined nanospace. Nano Lett 7:1532–153510.1021/nl070313t ↗
39. Philip E, Sloan J, Kirkland AI et al (2003) An encapsulated helical one-dimensional cobalt iodide nanostructure. Nat Mater 2:788–79110.1038/nmat1020 ↗
40. Ugarte D, Chatelain A, de Heer WA (1996) Nanocapillarity and chemistry in carbon. Science 274:1897–189910.1126/science.274.5294.1897 ↗
41. Gubin SP, Koksharov YA (2002) Preparation, structure, and properties of magnetic materials based on co-containing nanoparticles. Inorg Mater 38:1085–109910.1023/A:1020950129165 ↗
42. Liu Z, Dai X, Xu J et al (2004) Encapsulation of polystyrene within carbon nanotubes with the aid of supercritical CO2. Carbon 42:458–46010.1016/j.carbon.2003.12.031 ↗
43. Steinmetz J, Kwon S, Lee HJ et al (2006) Polymerization of conducting polymers inside carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 431:139–14410.1016/j.cplett.2006.09.070 ↗
44. Bazilevsky AV, Sun K, Yarin AL et al (2007) Selective intercalation of polymers in carbon nanotubes. Langmuir 23:7451–745510.1021/la070140n ↗
45. Britz DA, Khlobystov AN, Porfyrakis K et al (2005) Chemical reactions inside single-walled carbon nano test-tubes. Chem Commun 107:37–3910.1039/b414247k ↗
46. Ito T, Shirakawa H, Ikeda S (1975) Thermal cis–trans isomerization and decomposition of polyacetylene. J Polym Sci 12:1943–1950
47. Chiang CK, Fincher CB, Park YW et al (1977) Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev Lett 39:1098–110110.1103/PhysRevLett.39.1098 ↗
48. Chiang CK, Druy MA, Gau SC et al (1978) Synthesis of highly conducting films of derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH) x . J Am Chem Soc 100:1013–101510.1021/ja00471a081 ↗
49. Shirakawa H, Louis EJ, MacDiarmid AG et al (1977) Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH) x . J Am Chem Soc: 57810.1039/c39770000578 ↗
50. Ravve A (2012) Principles of polymer chemistry. Springer, New York10.1007/978-1-4614-2212-9 ↗
51. McCormick CL, Kirkland SE, York AW (2006) Synthetic routes to stimuli–responsive micelles, vesicles, and surfaces via controlled/living radical polymerization. J Macromol Sci C 46:421–44310.1080/15583720600945428 ↗
52. Oh JK, Drumright R, Siegwart DJ et al (2008) The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog Polym Sci 33:448–47710.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.01.002 ↗
53. Matyjaszewski K, Tsarevsky NV (2009) Nanostructured functional materials prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Nat Chem 1:276–28810.1038/nchem.257 ↗
54. Khlobystov AN (2011) Carbon nanotubes: from nano test tube to nano-reactor. ACS Nano 5:9306–931210.1021/nn204596p ↗
55. Chamberlain TW, Gimenez-Lopez MdC, Khlobystov AN (2010) Carbon nanotubes as containers. In: Carbon nanotubes and related structures. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 349–38410.1002/9783527629930.ch12 ↗
56. Shi XQ, Dai ZX, Zhong GH et al (2007) Spin-polarized transport in carbon nanowires inside semiconducting carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem C 111:10130–1013410.1021/jp073320e ↗
57. Tran-Duc T, Thamwattana N (2011) Modeling encapsulation of acetylene molecules into carbon nanotubes. J Phys 23:225302
58. Lee SU, Belosludov RV, Mizuseki H et al (2011) Electron transport characteristics of organic molecule encapsulated carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale 3:1773–177910.1039/c0nr00757a ↗
59. Ilie A, Bendall JS, Nagaoka K et al (2011) Encapsulated inorganic nanostructures: a route to sizable modulated, noncovalent, on-tube potentials in carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 5:2559–256910.1021/nn102189w ↗
60. Kuwahara R, Kudo Y, Morisato T et al (2011) Encapsulation of carbon chain molecules in single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem A 115:5147–515610.1021/jp109308w ↗
61. McIntosh GC, Tomanek D, Park YW (2003) Energetics and electronic structure of a polyacetylene chain contained in a carbon nanotube. Phys Rev B 67:12541910.1103/PhysRevB.67.125419 ↗
62. Kim G, Kim Y, Ihm J (2005) Encapsulation and polymerization of acetylene molecules inside a carbon nanotube. Chem Phys Lett 415:27910.1016/j.cplett.2005.08.153 ↗
63. Becke A (1998) Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic behavior. Phys Rev A 38:3098–310010.1103/PhysRevA.38.3098 ↗