Estimation of Photovoltaic Soiling Using Environmental Parameters: A Comparative Analysis of Existing Models

Abstract Soiling is the process where dust, dirt, and organic/inorganic contaminants accumulate on the surface of a photovoltaic (PV) module. It impacts the energy generation of PV systems and causes significant economic losses. It can be monitored through soiling estimation models, which evaluate its impact depending on a number of environmental parameters. The main focus of this study is to compare four existing estimation models in Jaén, Spain, and to analyze their performance in an environment different than that where each of them is developed. The results indicate that all models can reproduce accurately the seasonality of soiling in Jaén, if a cleaning threshold of 0.3 mm day⁻¹ is considered. The models’ performance is found to be influenced not only by the mass concentration but also by the optical properties of each component of the atmospheric particulate matter, with an overestimation up to 4% in high organic carbon concentration periods. The natural cleaning role of rainfalls and its influence on the modeling error are also discussed through the paper.