Tandem Duplication‐Driven Neofunctionalization of UDP‐Glycosyltransferases Shapes the Diversification of Triterpenoid Saponins in the Cucurbitaceae

ABSTRACT Tandem duplication of tailoring enzymes allows evolutionary innovation that diversifies plant specialized metabolism. Here, we present an interesting example of how tandem duplicated UDP‐glycosyltransferases undergo neofunctionalization and shape the chemical diversity of triterpenoid saponins in the Cucurbitaceae family. A chromosome‐level genome of Siraitia grosvenorii was assembled and aligned with multiple cucurbit genomes, revealing a specific UGT73AM tandem duplication responsible for regio‐selective glycosylation (e.g. the rare 1,4‐linked disaccharide) of diverse saponins such as mogrosides, ginsenosides, and momordicines. Comparative genomics depicted the evolutionary trajectory of a universal saponin‐biosynthesizing UGT73 tandem arrays syntenously preserved across core eudicots, where lineage‐specific UGT copies contribute to distinct metabolic phenotypes. A crystal structure of SgUGT73AM30 (mogrol 25‐ O ‐glycosyltransferase) in complex with UDP and mogrol was obtained to elucidate the molecular basis of the regio‐specific decoration on vicinal diol of the substrates. Altogether, these findings provide insights into tandem duplication‐driven diversification of glycosyltransferases and lay the foundation for engineered glycosylation of valuable triterpenoid saponins.