How Neuromorphic Microstructures Control In Vitro Early‐Stage Neuronal Outgrowth

ABSTRACT Neuromorphic biomaterials represent a novel class of materials designed to replicate the architecture and functionality of neuronal structures, offering new opportunities in tissue engineering and bioelectronics. By mimicking the complex microenvironment of native neural tissue, biomimetic microstructures provide physical scaffolding to support and guide neuronal processes, with potential applications in chip‐based platforms for monitoring and stimulating neuronal networks. However, achieving precise control over the morphology of neuromorphic materials and understanding their influence on early‐stage neuronal development are remaining challenges. In this study, we present biomimetic microstructure arrays, fabricated via two‐photon polymerization, that emulate the diverse morphologies and spatial arrangements of dendritic spines. These structures enable the investigation of neuronal responses at the early developmental stage, focusing on key processes such as cell adhesion, neuronal polarity, growth cone dynamics, and network formation.