journal article·2026-04-16Open access

Structural and Compositional Effects on the Scintillation Properties of Fast Emitting Metal‐Organic Frameworks

Francesca Cova, Jacopo Perego, Biplab Joarder, Nobuhiro Yanai, Anna Vedda, Silvia Bracco, Angiolina Comotti, Angelo Monguzzi, Irene Villa

Abstract

ABSTRACT Metal‐organic framework (MOF) scintillators are promising emitters for fast timing techniques due to their high scintillation efficiency and rapid response time. These materials are composed of high‐atomic‐number metal‐oxide cores connected by scintillating organic dyes. A quite‐overlooked drawback of MOF scintillation properties is the possible presence of intrinsic structural defects and dark states that can introduce energetic disorder and also trap the energy released by the ionizing radiation. Here, we systematically investigate the luminescence properties of three different MOF architectures wherein the scintillating ligand is 9,10‐diphenylanthracene and the linking nodes consist of Zr, In and Hf‐oxo‐hydroxy clusters. The various crystalline structures, the atomic numbers of the constituent elements, and the size of MOF crystals affect their photoluminescence and scintillation properties in distinct ways, providing guidelines to develop systems with optimized performance and tailorable timing capabilities, resulting from the synergy among the properties of the components.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications · Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies · Luminescence Properties of Advanced Materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Materials Science University of Milano – Bicocca Milano Italy

Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Platform (AMPMP) Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia

Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan

NANOMIB BioNanoMedicine Center University of Milano – Bicocca Milano Italy

References (88)

Show source-provided references
1. Inorganic, Organic, and Perovskite Halides with Nanotechnology for High–Light Yield X‐ and γ‐ray Scintillators10.3390/cryst9020088 ↗
2. Rodnyi P. A. · 202010.1201/9780138743352 ↗
3. On the Prospects of BaF2 as a Fast Scintillator for Time‐of‐Flight Positron Emission Tomography Systems10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3237254 ↗
4. Temperature Dependence of Scintillation Properties of Bright Oxide Scintillators for Well‐Logging10.7567/JJAP.52.076401 ↗
5. Development and Prospects of Garnet Ceramic Scintillators: a Review10.1007/s40145-022-0660-9 ↗
6. Fundamental Aspects, Recent Progress and Future Prospects of Inorganic Scintillators10.35848/1347-4065/ac9026 ↗
7. Development of Novel Scintillator Crystals10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.04.048 ↗
8. New Inorganic Scintillation Materials Development for Medical Imaging10.1109/TNS.2002.801487 ↗
9. Energy Resolution of Scintillation Detectors10.1016/j.nima.2015.07.059 ↗
10. Bright Innovations: Review of Next‐Generation Advances in Scintillator Engineering10.1021/acsnano.3c12381 ↗
11. Inorganic Scintillators in Medical Imaging Detectors10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01542-0 ↗
12. Timing Capabilities of Garnet Crystals for Detection of High Energy Charged Particles10.1016/j.nima.2017.02.008 ↗
13. Scintillation Detectors for Neutron Physics Research10.1016/0029-554X(79)90730-4 ↗
14. Recent Progress of Organic Scintillators10.35848/1347-4065/ac94fe ↗
15. Efficient and Ultrafast Organic Scintillators by Hot Exciton Manipulation10.1038/s41566-023-01358-y ↗
16. Brighter Organic Scintillators by Hot Exciton Manipulation10.1038/s41566-024-01378-2 ↗
17. High‐Z Sensitized Plastic Scintillators: A Review10.1002/adma.201706956 ↗
18. Effect of High Z Materials Loading in the Performance of Polystyrene‐Based Thin‐Film Plastic Scintillators10.1016/j.nima.2021.165454 ↗
19. Transparent Ultra‐High‐Loading Quantum Dot/Polymer Nanocomposite Monolith for Gamma Scintillation10.1021/acsnano.7b02923 ↗
20. Scintillation Liquids Loaded with Hafnium Oxide Nanoparticles for Spectral Resolution of γ Rays10.1021/acsanm.0c02845 ↗
21. Development of Nanocomposite Scintillators for Use in High‐Energy Physics10.1016/j.nima.2024.169877 ↗
22. Ultrafast and Radiation‐Hard Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocomposite Scintillators10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01396 ↗
23. Efficient, Fast and Reabsorption‐Free Perovskite Nanocrystal‐Based Sensitized Plastic Scintillators10.1038/s41565-020-0683-8 ↗
24. Advances in Heterostructured Scintillators: Toward a New Generation of Detectors for TOF‐PET10.1088/1361-6560/ac72ee ↗
25. Towards a Metamaterial Approach for Fast Timing in PET: Experimental Proof‐of‐Concept10.1088/1361-6560/ab18b3 ↗
26. Photoluminescence and Scintillation Characteristics of Bi‐Loaded PVK‐Based Plastic Scintillators for the High Counting‐Rate Measurement of High‐Energy X‐rays10.1039/D1RA01878G ↗
27. Enhanced Detection Efficiency of Plastic Scintillators Upon Incorporation of Zirconia Nanoparticles
28. Preparation and Luminescence Properties of ZnO:Ga – Polystyrene Composite Scintillator10.1364/OE.24.015289 ↗
29. Needs, Trends, and Advances in Inorganic Scintillators10.1109/TNS.2018.2840160 ↗
30. Quantum Systems for Enhanced High Energy Particle Physics Detectors10.3389/fphy.2022.887738 ↗
31. Halide Lead Perovskites for Ionizing Radiation Detection10.1038/s41467-019-08981-w ↗
32. Light Yield of Scintillating Nanocrystals under X‐ray and Electron Excitation10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.116613 ↗
33. Recent Advances in the Study of Core‐Valence Luminescence (Cross Luminescence). Review10.1016/j.optmat.2022.113399 ↗
34. Water‐Dispersible X‐ray Scintillators Enabling Coating and Blending with Polymer Materials for Multiple Applications10.1038/s41467-024-46287-8 ↗
35. Achieving High Loading Capacity of Perovskite Nanocrystals in Pore‐Reamed Metal–Organic Frameworks for Bright Scintillators10.1021/acsnano.5c00132 ↗
36. Designer Bright and Fast CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystal Scintillators for High‐Speed X‐ray Imaging10.1038/s41467-024-53263-9 ↗
37. Fast Emitting Nanocomposites for High‐Resolution ToF‐PET Imaging Based on Multicomponent Scintillators10.1002/admt.202302075 ↗
38. On the Origin of the Light Yield Enhancement in Polymeric Composite Scintillators Loaded with Dense Nanoparticles10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00681 ↗
39. Highly Luminous Scintillating Nanocomposites EnableUltrafast Time Coincidence Resolution for 𝜸‐rays Detectionwith Heterostructured Multilayer Scintillators10.1002/adfm.202421434 ↗
40. Synergistic Assembly of Heavy Metal Clusters and Luminescent Organic Bridging Ligands in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient X‐ray Scintillation10.1021/ja500671h ↗
41. Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks for Multispectral Radioluminescent Imaging10.1021/acsami.0c06010 ↗
42. Energy Transfer in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Fluorescence Sensing10.1021/acsami.1c24759 ↗
43. Color‐Tunable X‐ray Scintillation Based on a Series of Isotypic Lanthanide–organic Frameworks10.1039/C9CC08114C ↗
44. Metal–Organic Frameworks as Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter10.1007/s10967-024-09761-7 ↗
45. Two Luminescent Metal‐Organic Frameworks with Temperature‐Dependent Emission10.1016/j.jssc.2022.122967 ↗
46. Emergence of a Radical‐Stabilizing Metal–Organic Framework as a Radio‐Photoluminescence Dosimeter10.1002/anie.202006380 ↗
47. Direct Radiation Detection by a Semiconductive Metal–Organic Framework10.1021/jacs.9b01270 ↗
48. Scintillating Metal‐Organic Frameworks: A New Class of Radiation Detection Materials10.1002/adma.200801753 ↗
49. Connecting Structure with Function in Metal–Organic Frameworks to Design Novel Photo‐ and Radioluminescent Materials10.1039/c2jm16627e ↗
50. Inorganic Nanoscintillators: Current Trends And Future Perspectives10.1002/adom.202402739 ↗
51. Radiation‐Responsive Metal–Organic Frameworks: Fundamentals and Applications10.1002/adfm.202310270 ↗
52. Highly Luminescent Scintillating Hetero‐Ligand MOF Nanocrystals with Engineered Stokes Shift for Photonic Applications10.1038/s41467-022-31163-0 ↗
53. Composite Fast Scintillators Based on High‐Z Fluorescent Metal–organic Framework Nanocrystals10.1038/s41566-021-00769-z ↗
54. Reabsorption‐Free Scintillating Hetero‐Ligand MOF Crystals Activated by Ultrafast Energy Transfer10.1002/adfm.202404480 ↗
55. Efficient Radioactive Gas Detection by Scintillating Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks10.1038/s41566-023-01211-2 ↗
56. Exploring the Structural, Dynamic, and Functional Properties of Metal–Organic Frameworks through Molecular Modeling10.1002/adfm.202308130 ↗
57. Ultrafast Scintillating Metal‐Organic Framework Films10.1038/s41467-026-68546-6 ↗
58. Stable Metal–Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Applications10.1002/adma.201704303 ↗
59. Role of Structural Defects in the Adsorption and Separation of C3 Hydrocarbons in Zr‐Fumarate‐MOF (MOF‐801)10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02322 ↗
60. The Role of Dynamic Metal‐Ligand Bonds in Metal‐Organic Framework Chemistry10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215403 ↗
61. Optical Properties Of Thermally Annealed Hafnium Oxide And Their Correlation With Structural Change10.1063/1.2961326 ↗
62. Crystal Structure and Band Gap Determination of HfO2 Thin Films10.1063/1.2697551 ↗
63. Electronic Structures and Optical Properties of Monoclinic ZrO2 Studied by First‐Principles Local Density Approximation + U Approach10.1007/s40145-016-0216-y ↗
64. First‐Principles Study of Phase Transition and Band Structure of ZrO2 under Pressure10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.108 ↗
65. Band Structure of Indium Oxide: Indirect versus Direct Band Gap10.1103/PhysRevB.75.153205 ↗
66. Nature of the Band Gap of In2O3 Revealed by First‐Principles Calculations and X‐ray Spectroscopy10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.167402 ↗
67. Highly Fluorescent Metal–Organic‐Framework Nanocomposites for Photonic Applications10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04536 ↗
68. Lakowicz J. R. · 200610.1007/978-0-387-46312-4 ↗
69. Martin P. · 1999
70. Transition from Dynamic to Static Disorder in One‐Dimensional Organic Semiconductors10.1063/1.3167406 ↗
71. Needs, Trends, and Advances in Scintillators for Radiographic Imaging and Tomography10.1109/TNS.2023.3290826 ↗
72. The Origins of Scintillator Non‐Proportionality10.1109/TNS.2012.2186463 ↗
73. Diffusion‐Enhanced Fluorescence Energy Transfer10.1146/annurev.bb.11.060182.001223 ↗
74. Energy Transfer Enhancement by Oxygen Perturbation of Spin‐Forbidden Electronic Transitions in Aromatic Systems10.1103/PhysRevB.82.125113 ↗
75. Influence of Energy Transfer by the Exchange Mechanism on Donor Luminescence10.1063/1.1697063 ↗
76. Trapping Mechanisms and Delayed Recombination Processes in Scintillating Ce‐Doped Sol–Gel Silica Fibers10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c11073 ↗
77. The Bright X‐Ray Stimulated Luminescence of HfO2 Nanocrystals Activated by Ti Ions10.1002/adom.201901348 ↗
78. Radioluminescence Sensitization in Scintillators and Phosphors: Trap Engineering and Modeling10.1021/jp501717z ↗
79. Luminescence in Crystalline Organic Materials: From Molecules to Molecular Solids10.1002/adom.202002251 ↗
80. Luminescent Probes and Sensors for Temperature10.1039/c3cs60102a ↗
81. Understanding Thermal and A‐Thermal Trapping Processes in Lead Halide Perovskites Towards Effective Radiation Detection Schemes10.1002/adfm.202104879 ↗
82. Complex Oxide Scintillators: Material Defects and Scintillation Performance10.1002/pssb.200844039 ↗
83. Insight into the Influence of ZnO Defectivity on the Catalytic Generation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in ZnO/SiO2 Systems10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06900 ↗
84. Flexible and Hydrophobic Zn‐Based Metal–Organic Framework10.1021/ic200937u ↗
85. Heteroligand Zr‐MOFs Explored by Xenon: Active Site Recognition by Synchrotron PXRD, Hyperpolarization NMR, and GCMC Simulations10.1021/acs.cgd.4c01054 ↗
86. TOPAS and TOPAS‐Academic: an Optimization Program Integrating Computer Algebra and Crystallographic Objects Written in C++10.1107/S1600576718000183 ↗
87. J. H.Hubbell Experimentally Measured Total X‐ray Attenuation Coefficients Extracted From Previously Unprocessed Documents Held by the NIST Photon and Charged Particle Data Center. II(NISTIR 2004).10.6028/NIST.IR.7163 ↗
88. Radio‐Luminescence Spectral Features and Fast Emission in Hafnium Dioxide Nanocrystals10.1039/C8CP01230J ↗