Design and Characterization of Model Systems that Promote and Disrupt Transparency of Vertebrate Crystallins In Vitro

Abstract Positioned within the eye, the lens supports vision by transmitting and focusing light onto the retina. As an adaptive glassy material, the lens is constituted primarily by densely‐packed, polydisperse crystallin proteins that organize to resist aggregation and crystallization at high volume fractions, yet the details of how crystallins coordinate with one another to template and maintain this transparent microstructure remain unclear. The role of individual crystallin subtypes (α, β, and γ) and paired subtype compositions, including how they experience and resist crowding‐induced turbidity in solution, is explored using combinations of spectrophotometry, hard‐sphere simulations, and surface pressure measurements. After assaying crystallin combinations, β‐crystallins emerged as a principal component in all mixtures that enabled dense fluid‐like packing and short‐range order necessary for transparency. These findings helped inform the design of lens‐like hydrogel systems, which are used to monitor and manipulate the loss of transparency under different crowding conditions. When taken together, the findings illustrate the design and characterization of adaptive materials made from lens proteins that can be used to better understand mechanisms regulating transparency.