AFM Imaging Reveals MicroRNA‐132 to be a Positive Regulator of Synaptic Functions

Abstract The modification of synaptic and neural connections in adults, including the formation and removal of synapses, depends on activity‐dependent synaptic and structural plasticity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in regulating these changes by targeting specific genes and regulating their expression. The fact that somatic and dendritic activity in neurons often occurs asynchronously highlights the need for spatial and dynamic regulation of protein synthesis in specific milieu and cellular loci. MicroRNAs, which can show distinct patterns of enrichment, help to establish the localized distribution of plasticity‐related proteins. The recent study using atomic force microscopy (AFM)‐based nanoscale imaging reveals that the abundance of miRNA(miR)‐134 is inversely correlated with the functional activity of dendritic spine structures. However, the miRNAs that are selectively upregulated in potentiated synapses, and which can thereby support prospective changes in synaptic efficacy, remain largely unknown. Using AFM force imaging, significant increases in miR‐132 in the dendritic regions abutting functionally‐active spines is discovered. This study provides evidence for miR‐132 as a novel positive miRNA regulator residing in dendritic shafts, and also suggests that activity‐dependent miRNAs localized in distinct sub‐compartments of neurons play bi‐directional roles in controlling synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity.