3D Printed Organisms Enabled by Aspiration‐Assisted Adaptive Strategies

Abstract Devising an approach to deterministically position organisms can impact various fields such as bioimaging, cybernetics, cryopreservation, and organism‐integrated devices. This requires continuously assessing the locations of randomly distributed organisms to collect and transfer them to target spaces without harm. Here, an aspiration‐assisted adaptive printing system is developed that tracks, harvests, and relocates living and moving organisms on target spaces via a pick‐and‐place mechanism that continuously adapts to updated visual and spatial information about the organisms and target spaces. These adaptive printing strategies successfully positioned a single static organism, multiple organisms in droplets, and a single moving organism on target spaces. Their capabilities are exemplified by printing vitrification‐ready organisms in cryoprotectant droplets, sorting live organisms from dead ones, positioning organisms on curved surfaces, organizing organism‐powered displays, and integrating organisms with materials and devices in customizable shapes. These printing strategies can ultimately lead to autonomous biomanufacturing methods to evaluate and assemble organisms for a variety of single and multi‐organism‐based applications.