Microphysiological System‐Generated Physiological Shear Forces Reduce TNF‐α‐Mediated Cartilage Damage in a 3D Model of Arthritis

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability, often resulting from overuse or injury, but inactivity can also contribute to cartilage degeneration. Conventional in vivo models struggle to isolate and study the specific effects of mechanical stress on cartilage health. To address this limitation, a microphysiological system (MPS) is established to examine how varying levels of shear stress impact cartilage homeostasis. The system allows for the cultivation of 3D chondrogenic microconstructs (CMCs) derived from human mesenchymal stromal cells, simulating both physiological and pathophysiological shear stress. Inflammation is induced via TNF‐α or activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells to model cartilage damage, enabling the evaluation of therapeutic interventions. The study demonstrates the development of an arthritis‐like phenotype and successful restoration of cartilage conditions through a JAK inhibitor under physiological shear stress. Physiological shear stress is identified as a critical factor in maintaining cartilage integrity. This MPS offers a standardized method to study shear stress, replicate cytokine‐induced cartilage damage, and simulate key features of arthritis, providing a valuable alternative to animal models.