journal article·2025-07Open access

Composite Mapping for Peptide‐Based Data Storage with Higher Coding Density and Fewer Synthesis Cycles

Anxun Zhang, Longjie Wang, Xiaowei Zhai, Yao Xiao, Yanchan Wu, Yongxi Zhao, Kai Liu, Ji‐Shen Zheng, Dong Chen

Advanced Science· Volume 12· Issue 27

Abstract

Abstract Peptides are natural information‐bearing mediums and are promising for high‐density data storage. However, conventional mapping of one amino acid (AA) to one binary code has limited the improvement of coding density by increasing the total number of different AAs. Here, a novel composite mapping strategy is developed, where each position in the peptide sequence is a composite letter consisting of several different AAs, and thousands of composite letters are available for mapping, thus breaking the limit of conventional mapping. When 20 different AAs are used, the coding density of six‐AAs composite mapping achieves 15 bits/letter, while conventional mapping only reaches 4 bits/AA. The whole process of encoding data into composite letter sequences, synthesizing composite letter sequences via solid‐phase peptide synthesis, sequencing composite letter sequences by mass spectrometry, and decoding data from composite letter sequences is successfully demonstrated for the first time. Composite mapping also demonstrates several distinct advantages, including high coding density, few synthesis cycles, high reliability against errors, low probability of homopolymers, and good compatibility with other encoding algorithms. The developed composite mapping strategy provides a novel way for peptide‐based data storage to increase the coding density and reduce the synthesis cycles, showing great potential for large‐scale data storage.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: DNA and Biological Computing · Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques · Photoreceptor and optogenetics research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Medical Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P. R. China

College of Energy Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P. R. China

Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China

The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230001 P. R. China

School of Electrical and Information Engineering Quzhou University Quzhou Zhejiang 324000 P. R. China

Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 P. R. China

Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China

State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China

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