DataVXAdvanced Optical MaterialsPaper
journal article·2025-09Open access

Modified Chemical Bath Deposition of Tin Oxide for All‐Scalable Perovskite Solar Modules

Muhammad Awais, Wanlong Wang, Augusto Amaro, Yameen Ahmed, Mohammad Reza Kokaba, Vishal Yeddu, Dongyang Zhang, I Teng Cheong, Victor Marrugat‐Arnal, Nicholas Sandor, Makhsud I. Saidaminov

Advanced Optical Materials· Volume 13· Issue 25
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Abstract

Abstract Chemical bath deposition (CBD) of tin oxide is a commercially viable method for manufacturing the electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells, yet it remains highly sensitive to reaction conditions, particularly pH. This study introduces tin‐like cation, namely Pb2+, as a chemical modulator to stabilize the CBD process. Due to nearly two orders of magnitude higher solubility of lead hydroxide (Pb(OH)2) as compared to tin hydroxides (Sn(OH)2 and Sn(OH)4), Pb(OH)2 acts as an OH− scavenger, reducing free excess OH− concentration and suppressing premature tin oxide (SnOx) precipitation. This enables the formation of smooth, uniform SnOx films. Perovskite photovoltaics fabricated on these SnOx films via ambient and scalable processes achieve a power conversion efficiency of 24.5% for cells (and 17.8% for solar modules), retaining >84% of initial performance after 1000 h of operation under maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at 65 ± 5 °C.
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Research context

Electronic materialsMaterials processing

OpenAlex topics: Perovskite Materials and Applications · Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films · Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Road Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada

Department of Chemistry University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Road Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada

Funding

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada · Canada Research Chairs

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