Research Progress of Colloidal Chemistry and Rheological Dynamics for Printable Perovskite Photovoltaics

Abstract The efficiency of solar cells based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials has already met the standards for commercial applications. However, there remains an efficiency gap of ≈30% between small‐area devices and industrial‐scale devices. Large‐area devices, in particular, tend to exhibit lower optoelectronics and reduced environmental stability. The ink fluid behavior significantly influences the crystal process of large‐area perovskite films during printing fabrication, which cannot be disregarded. As the manufacturing area and total solvent volatilization increase, the impact of inhomogeneous migration by perovskite colloidal particles gradually intensifies. This work focuses on elucidating the impact of the rheological properties of perovskite colloidal particles on the crystalline quality and device optoelectronic performance of perovskite films during deposition. It explores the fluid behavior of colloidal particles in the ink and throughout the printing process, the effects of additives on the motion of perovskite colloidal particles, and how the ink's rheological properties change when modifying agents interact with perovskite particles. Additionally, the functional aspects of controlling perovskite film formation and optimizing photovoltaic performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are thoroughly discussed. Ultimately, the preparation process improvement of perovskite precursor solution and the current technical barriers to commercialization are summarized and prospected.