Crystallization modulation in perovskite light-emitting diodes

Recent developments in perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have been driven by strategies for modulating crystallization that precisely control nucleation, growth, and crystal structures. This review provides a multi-scale perspective on perovskite crystallization by integrating knowledge-driven theories with data-driven insights to propel the development of PeLEDs. We first outline classical nucleation and growth models, establishing the theoretical foundations of crystallization dynamics. We then examine state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques, highlighting their unparalleled capacity to resolve spatiotemporal crystallization processes. A systematic discussion follows on the critical role of crystallization modulation, including film morphology tuning, crystal structure control, and preferred orientation management—three key factors for optimizing optoelectronic properties. Finally, we explore persistent challenges and emerging opportunities in crystallization design. By bridging theoretical frameworks with experimental advancements, this work aims to refine crystallization control for high-performance and stable PeLEDs. • A multi-scale perspective on the crystallization process of perovskites is provided to advance the development of high-performanceLEDs. • Classical nucleation and growth models are analyzed alongside state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques. • Future challenges and emerging opportunities are explored for achieving efficient and stable perovskite LEDs.