On the Mechanistic Understanding of Photovoltage Loss in Iron Pyrite Solar Cells

Abstract Considering the natural abundance, the optoelectronic properties, and the electricity production cost, iron pyrite (FeS₂) has a strong appeal as a solar cell material. The maximum conversion efficiency of FeS₂ solar cells demonstrated to date, however, is below 3%, which is significantly below the theoretical efficiency limit of 25%. This poor conversion efficiency is mainly the result of the poor photovoltage, which has never exceeded 0.2 V with a device having appreciable photocurrent. Several studies have explored the origin of the low photovoltage in FeS₂ solar cells, and have improved understanding of the photovoltage loss mechanisms. Fermi level pinning, surface inversion, ionization of bulk donor states, and photocarrier loss have been suggested as the underlying reasons for the photovoltage loss in FeS₂. Given the past and more recent scientific data, together with contradictory results to some extent, it is timely to discuss these mechanisms to give an updated view of the present status and remaining challenges. Herein, the current understanding of the origin of low photovoltage in FeS₂ solar cells is critically reviewed, preceded by a succinct discussion on the electronic structure and optoelectronic properties. Finally, suggestions of a few research directions are also presented.